PPSc Zilladar Paper Morning Batch Held on 29-07-2025

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PPSc Zilladar Paper Morning Batch Held on 29-07-2025

1. NASA Blue Ghost Mission-2 2025
➤ A lunar lander mission to the Moon by Firefly Aerospace (NASA partnership).
2. Current leader of Syria
➤ Ahmed Al Shara
3. Which country won most medals in Olympic 2021?
➤ United States of America (USA)
4. Who wrote Sahifa Sadiqa?
➤ Hazrat Abdullah bin Amr bin al-Aas (RA)
5. Which Muslim was the great surgeon also?
➤ Al-Zahrawi (Abu al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi)
6. The term “Crypto Winter” means?
➤ A period of prolonged decline in cryptocurrency prices.
7. Pakistan’s weapon buying ratio from China?
➤ Approximately 70% (varies slightly by year and source)
8. According to State Bank of Pakistan, how many returns were sent in first quarter of 2025?
➤ Over 10 million tax returns (exact official SBP figure required for precision)
9. How many camels were offered by Quraish to capture Prophet Muhammad ﷺ during migration?
➤ 100 camels
10. Which gas is used in firefighting foam?
➤ Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) and sometimes Halon gases
11. Sun has used half of its hydrogen in how much time?
➤ In approximately 4.6 billion years
12. Who said Kashmiris would prefer China over India?
➤ Arnab Goswami (Reportedly in controversial context)
13. Which Indian leader first took Kashmir issue to UN?
➤ Jawaharlal Nehru
14. 2008 Olympics were held in?
➤ Beijing, China
15. Which formula is used to find remainder in Excel?
➤ =MOD(number, divisor)
16. “Power Failure” is the autobiography of?
➤ Shahid Khaqan Abbasi
17. Area of Sinai Peninsula?
➤ About 60,000 km²
18. Masjid Wazir Khan built by?
➤ Wazir Khan (Governor of Lahore during Shah Jahan’s reign)
19. Which city is called “Bride of the Sea”?
➤ Tripoli (Libya)
(Also used for Venice and Alexandria in poetic contexts)
20. Mount Tambora is located in which country?
➤ Indonesia
21. Purpose of ISPAD 2025 Conference in Pakistan?
➤ To discuss diabetes in children and adolescents (International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes)
22. پنجہ مریم
➤ A sacred hand-shaped symbol, often associated with Hazrat Fatima (RA) in Islamic culture.
23. What percent share of Pakistan was in industry during partition?
➤ 17% of industrial units
24. Which Caliph recalled Muhammad bin Qasim from Sindh?
➤ Caliph Suleman bin Abdul Malik
25. میر حسن کی مثنویوں کی تعداد کتنی ہے؟
➤ 4 مشہور مثنویاں
26. Partition of Bengal was implemented on?
➤ 16 October 1905
27. چینی کوٹھی ناول
➤ ناول نگار: علی اکبر ناطق
28. Civilisation (statement change)
➤ Likely a rephrased question on origin/evolution of civilization
29. Haripur was named after which Singh?
➤ Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa
30. “Pakistan and Modern Muslim World” written by?
➤ Dr. Safdar Mahmood
31. National Game of Pakistan?
➤ Field Hockey
32. Mamnoon Hussain signed FATA Merger Bill on?
➤ 31 May 2018

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Pedagogy MCQs With Answers

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  1. Holy prophet Muhammadﷺ was born in 571 in Makkah and 632 AD in Madina)   
  2. رَّبِّ زِدْنِى عِلْمًا (O my Lord! Advance me in Knowledge is a verse of surah Ta-Ha 20:114
  3. First Revelation was held on 610 AD, First five verses of surah Alalaq revealed to the last Holy Prophet ﷺ at cave Hira (at the age of 40 years)
  4. The very first word revealed was  “IQRA” means read.
  5. Holy Prophet ﷺestablished first formal school established at Hazrat Arqam bin Abi al arqam’s house in Makkah. e.Arqam
  6. Holy Prophet ﷺafter migration to Madina in 622AD homeless, relative less Sahaba used to reside in masjid Nabvi to learn Quran, hadith from Holy Prophet ﷺ it was Suffah
  7. earqam (Makkah) and Suffah (Madina) were established by Holy Prophet ﷺ
  8. Suffa meaning shaderesidents of Suffa were named as Ashab e Suffa.
  9. It was first residential Islamic university. Suffah
  10. Now a days Suffa is called Dikat al-agawat
  11. “It would be end of this world if the offices were assigned to illiterate people”  Holy Prophet ﷺ
  12. “Knowledge without practice is dangerous” Holy Prophet ﷺ
  13. “Seeking knowledge is mandatory for all” (men, women) Holy Prophet ﷺ
  14. Allah sent me as a teacher.  ‘بعثني معلّم Holy Prophet ﷺ
  15. Dars-i Nizami is a study curriculum used in many Islamic institutions Madrassas
  16. The Dars-i Nizami system was developed byNizamuddin Sihalivi S/o Mula Qutb Din (1748 ),  Uttar Pradesh State, India.
  17. Dars-i Nizami duration is 08 years, It Provide Aalim degree
  18. Dars-i Nizami presented during The age of emperor Ahmad Shah Bahadur
  19. The Holy Prophet ﷺdelivered his instruction to woman to a week
  20. Focus on function of brain not on structure, against structuralism Functionalism
  21. How Consciousness changes according to environment. Functionalism
  22. Function of mind is important than structure. Functionalism
  23. Consciousness or experience cannot be broken into structures. Functionalism
  24. Pavlov, Hall, Pavlov, Lashley, Tolman, Skinner, Edward L. Thorndike are
  25. John B. Watson said love, fear & anger are 3 Basic emotions.
  26. Fear is master emotion, Limbic system is often calledemotional brain.
  27. Emotion arise abruptly anddie slowly
  28. It was against structuralism and functionalism schools of Psychology.
  29. Consciousness cannot be observed/seen/proved scientifically.
  30. Environment is a sole factor that shapes personality and behavior
  31. Introduced scientific method to study behavior.
  32. Introduced reward, reinforcement to influence behavior.
  33. Introduced new ideas of program learning
  34. It is against introspection method
  35. Koffka, Kohler, Kurt Lewin are exponent of Gestalt
  36. Learning by insight is other name of Gestalt theory
  37. ‘Gestalt’ is a Germanword meaning whole. (Combining parts)
  38. Term “insight” .(Learning by insight)  is used to describe human behavior Gestalt
  39. It promotes the study of whole behavior, whole is different from its parts.Gestalt
  40. Against the structuralism Gestalt
  41. Human activity cannot be broken down into elements. Gestalt
  42. Kohler performed experience on learning by insight.
  43. Theory gives more value to human beings, human free will Humanist
  44. Negative or unpleasant consequences are Punisher
  45. Positive, pleasant consequences are
  46. A reinforce that can be touched is Concrete reinforcer
  47. Self appraise or slef motivation is self-reinforcer.
  48. Gesture, sign to communicate well is social reinforcer
  49. Voluntary and goal directed behavior is Operant behavior.
  50. Biological (inherited/genetic or inborn) reinforcer is primary reinforcer
  51. Acquired (environmental/learning based) reinforcer is secondary reinforcer
  52. Motivation of inner pleasure isIntrinsic and motivation of external reward is Extrinsic 
  53. Behavior related to particular stimulus Respondent behavior.
  54. Behavior not clearly related to particular stimulus Operant behavior.
  55. Use of consequences to strengthen behavior Reinforcer
  56. Use of consequences to weaken behavior Punishment
  57. Observable reaction to stimulus is
  58. Learned response to previously neutral stimulus or responses evoked by conditional stimulus CS is conditioned response
  59. Teacher are popular in class who help students to resolve their problems
  60. Moral values can be developed among students if teacher himself practice them.
  61. Introspection method was used in Psychoanalysis
  62. Focus on unconscious mind, it is therapy and a theory of Freud Psychoanalysis
  63. It is also called psychodynamic theoryPsychoanalysis
  64. Unconscious mind(related with Id) is a process that happens  
  65. Human’s conscious thoughts (mind) can’t examine this process Unconsciousness
  66. Subconscious Mind (related with Ego) is a secondary mind system
  67. It makes decisions without our needing to actively think about them, Sub-consciousness
  68. Conscious Mind (related with super Ego) contain thoughts we are aware.
  69. According Freud Personality is composed or three components id, Ego, Superego
  70. Idworks on pleasure principle it is Inborn and unconscious  
  71. Egoworks Reality principle, fulfill basic needs and it is subconscious, 
  72. Superegoworks on Moral, Ethical principle, helps in making judgments.
  73. The superego has two parts.The conscience, The ego ideal 
  74. The conscienceincludes actions that are liked or disliked by society
  75. The ego idealincludes the rules and standards for behaviors that the ego aspires
  76. Transpersonal Psychology is also called Spiritual/ Transpersonal Psychology
  77. Transpersonal Psychology is Latest Approach
  78. Transpersonal means beyond the personal,
  79. What we think and how we feel in our altered states of awareness is Transpersonal Psychology
  80. Apparently losing power of voluntary actions but responsive to suggestions is Hypnosis
  81. Cognitive Psychology is‘white-box’ theory 
  82. Behaviorism is sometimes called the ‘black-box’ theory.
  83. Cognitive psychologystudies man’s thinking, memory language, problem solving.
  84. Man is conscious animal said by Wilhelm Wundt Man is social animal said by Aristotle
  85. Aristotle wasfirst psychologist, He wrote first book on Psychology The
  86. There are 06 stages of physical development
  87. Pre-Natal StageConception to childbirth is first stage
  88. Infancy Birth to 2 years
  89. Childhood3 to 12 years it is sub divided into two stages Early childhood 3 to 6 years (Why Age) Later childhood 7 to 12 years (Gang Age)
  90. Adolescence13 to 19 years
  91. Adulthood20 to 60 years, early adulthood 20 to 40 years later adulthood 40 to 60 years
  92. Old Age60 Year to death
  93. There is no clear-cut answer regarding the morally correct action MoralDilemma
  94. How people think about right and wrong, acquire & apply moral rules.Moral reasoning
  95. Inborn automatic response to stimuli Reflexes.
  96. Actions that shows respect and caring for others Prosocial behavior.
  97. Ability of a person to analyze his thoughts is Reflectivity.
  98. Discrepancy between the self-concept and reality (ideal self) Incongruence self
  99. Accurate match between the self-concept and reality (ideal self). CongruenceSelf
  100. According to Carl Roger unconditional love fosterCongruence Self

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Pedagogy Mcqs for Preparation of Educators PST SST Teachers

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  • Sensorial games strengthen mental muscles.
  • Maria established a school in 1907 is called Children House.
  • Special material used in Montessoriclass, for creating and organizing Intelligence among young leaners (pink tower, broad stairs, red rods etc.) are called Sensorial material 
  • Classroom environment (inside/outside) prepared for leaner by Dr. Maria was Ready/prepared environment
  • 03-hour workcycle for young children was recommended by Maria Montessori
  • After 03-hour work cycle child start losing interestin learning.
  • When child seem to lose interest in work, happens near 10:00 am.False fatigue
  • 1stschool for handicapped children was established by Maria Montessori early childhood education
  • Discovery of Child, Montessori Method, Secret of Childhood, Absorbent Mind are written by Maria Montessori
  • Montessorifavored 3R’s teaching Writing, Reading, and Arithmetic. (preferred writing before reading)
  • Developmental stages in Montessori curriculum04
  • The association Montessori international (AMI)was established by Montessori in 1929.
  • The Reggio Emilia approach is an educational philosophy and pedagogy focused on preschool and primary
  • Reggio Emilia approach is a student-centered/constructivist/self-guided curriculum.
  • The Reggio Emilia model focuses heavily on social collaboration, encouraging children to work in groupsand develop knowledge through communicating with others
  • The Reggio Emilia approach was founded by Lori Malaguzzi in Reggio Emilia (a city in Northern Italy) in 1945 after WW-2
  • Reggio Emilia focuses more on collaborative learningwhereas Montessori focuses on independent learning.
  • Reggio Emilia classrooms are more flexible and open-endedwhereas Montessori areas are more  
  • The Waldorf homeschooling method was popularized by Rudolf Steinerin Europe.
  • The Waldorf idea is to wait to teach reading until children are around age 7
  • Waldorf classrooms have a theme of “heart, head, and hands.
  • Paulo Freirea Brazilian educationist promoted idea of  Critical Pedagogy
  • Students becomecritically conscious about reality and concepts being taught by the teacher by asking questions, evaluating and creativity Critical Pedagogy
  • There are 3 waysfor critical pedagogy Dialogues, Praxis (action), Generating themes.
  • Problem Posing Method,Banking method, Cultural circle were developed by Freire.
  • Knowledge is taken to be a gift that is presented to student by teacher, student have no opportunity to question, evaluate or change their lives Banking method
  • Students and teacher discuss generative themes which are related to nature, culture, work Cultural circle
  • Two nation theory was founded by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
  • Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born in Delhion 17 October 1817, died on 27 March 1898
  • Who started Aligarh movement Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
  • Asarul sanadid, Tabeen al kalam, e. baghwat hind, Aaeen akbri, Tazk e jhangeeri, Tehzeebulakhlaq (Magazine) are written by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
  • Syed Ahmed Khan established Orphanagefor Muslim children in Moradabad, Madrasa Murdabad in 1858 and madrasah Ghaziabad in 1862
  • Sir Syedfounded Scientific society in 1864 for translation of English books into Urdu
  • Sir Syedfounded Muhammadan educational conference 1886 to bring political wisdom in Muslim, All India  Muslim League (AIML) founded in 1906 from this forum.
  • Promoted western education and religious education among Muslims Sir Syed
  • Sir Syedfounded MAO (Muhammadan Anglo Oriental) high school in 1875, promoted to MAO College in 1877 and to Ali Garh University in 1920.
  • Muslim pragmatist, political leader said superstition cannot be part of faith Sir Syed
  • Sir Syedsaid acquisition of science technology is only solution Muslim problems.
  • Allama Muhammad Iqbalwas born on 09 Nov1877 in Sialkot and died on 21 April 1938 tomb is in Lahore near Badshahi mosque.
  • Presented theory of self-realization Iqbal
  • Demanded separate homeland for Muslims at Alla Abad in1930, Hindus titled him “imaginative dreamer” Iqbal
  • Iqbal Presented concept of egoor individuality in his book Asrar e Khudi
  • Bang-i-Dara1924, Bal-e-Jibril 1935, Zarb-i-Kalim 1936 are Wriiten by Iqbal in Urdu
  • Asrar-i-Khudi (1915), Rumuz-i-Bekhudi (1918), Payam-i-Mashriq (1923) Zabur-i-Ajam (1927), Javid Nama (1932), Aqwam- e-Sharq (1936)  Armaghan-e-Hijaz  1938 are Wriiten by Iqbal in Persian
  • Armaghan-e-Hijaz1938 is wriiten by Iqbal in Urdu and Persian both
  • Iqbal presented practical plan for education system of Afghanistanand known as Iqbal-e-Lahore in Iran
  • Talking and indiscipline in class is indicator of Students boredom.
  • Tell aggressive students about their behavior’s harmful consequences.
  • The purpose of textbook assignments is
  • Can a teacher suspend students
  • Difference in values of different age group is Generation Gap.
  • Rote learning is suitable for slow learners.
  • Teacher who knows students problems and able to resolve them Appreciated
  • On very first day in class what would you like to do first? introduce myself
  • Majority of students are week in class what will you do? Keep teaching slow with extra guidance to slow learner
  • A teacher is not able to get students attention he should evaluate his teaching methods
  • If some students misbehave Improve their characteristics by your behavior
  • Back bencher are making noise, Make them sit in front
  • A teacher should keep his voice in class High
  • Students are not able to follow you Give more examples.
  • A student fail in exam it is fault of student.
  • You are unable to answer a question “ He will answer it later after consultation”
  • Classroom discipline can be maintained by developing student interest in study
  • A teacher in the class is a Group leader
  • Verbal guidance is least effective in teaching the
  • If noise occure in class teacher should quite for a whilethen go on
  • Mind itself is result of process of evaluation said by Johan Locke
  • Philosophy is an intellectual or moral activity according to Johan Locke
  • An English philosopher who gave a new impetus to realism is:Johan Locke
  • John Locke theoryis called Tabula Rasa (Latin erased tablet/blank slate)
  • Children mind is a blank slate experience build their knowledge; school must fill that slate. Tabula Rasa
  • Structuralism focuses on structure of mindpresented by Wilhelm Wundt & Titchener
  • Functionalism focuses on function of mindpresented by William James
  • Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviorpresented by B Watson
  • Gestalt focuses on whole behaviorpresented by Max Wertheimer
  • Humanist psychology focuses on human being, free willpresented by Maslow, Rogers
  • Psychoanalysis focuses on conscious, unconscious, subconscious mind
  • Psychoanalysis focuses on bringing unconscious mind into conscious
  • Freud believed that most of behavior are controlled by unconsciousmotives & drives
  • Freud has major work to solve problem of Mental illness
  • Freud divided mind into 3 categoriesconscious, unconscious, subconscious mind
  • According to PsychoanalysisEgo obeys reality principle
  • In Freud concept Repressed urges that find disguised outlet for expressionare Condensation
  • Transpersonal psychology focuses on mind & body relationpresented by Carl Jung
  • Concept of Collective unconscious was given byCarl Jung
  • Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processing of informationpresented by Ulric Neisser father of Cognitive Psychology
  • Opened the world’s first psychological lab in Leipzig in 1879, father of experimental psychology wrote book Principles of Physiological Psychology, in 1874. Wundt 
  • Oldest school of Psychology Structuralism
  • Focus on analysis of the components of consciousness Structuralism
  • Braking down the mental process into its component parts and investigating each component. Structuralism
  • Introspection method was used by Structuralism
  • William James the father of American psychology, functionalism, wrote a book Principles of Psychologyin 1890
  • TV is better than radio in teaching because it uses both senses(auditory, vision)
  • Discipline matter should be sent to headmaster when other means get failed.
  • A students got unconscious provide first aidand contact to nearby doctor.
  • First important work of teacher in teaching is knowing student backgrounds
  • Curriculum include formaland informal education.
  • Dynamic approach to teaching means learning through activities.
  • If you want to teach a normal child with blind sit the blind in front.
  • True evaluation of student is possible through continuous evaluation.

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Pedagogy Preparation MCQS

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  • Aristotle wrote Peripsysche (1st book on psychology that’s why called father of psychology), Politic, Rhetoric, Physics.
  • Lyceum of Aristotle wasPeripatetic School (moving school)
  • Aristotle taught Philosophy, Rhetoric, Mathin “Lyceum”
  • It is considered as base of present-day universities. Lyceum
  • Aristotle used deductive methodsto find knowledge
  • Aristotle Categorized Virtue into Moral, Intellectual, Social Categories
  • Aristotle Promoted male education, considered woman inferior to man.
  • “Happy man is an educated man and aim of education is to train people to reason” said byAristotle, “Sensory experience is the root of knowledge” said by Aristotle
  • “Rationality, habits and nature make man good and virtuous” said byAristotle
  • “Education is attainment of happiness and virtue lies in attainment of happiness” said by Aristotle
  • Name of Schoolof Horace Mann was Common & Normal School
  • Name of Schoolof Johan Dewey was Laboratory School
  • Name of Schoolof Albert Garry S was Garry plan/Platoon System
  • Name of Schoolof Helen Park Hurst  was Dalton Plan
  • Name of Schoolof Pestalozzi was Normal School
  • Name of Schoolof Frobel was Kindergarten
  • Allama Iqbal Open University(AIOU) was established in 21st May 1974,
  • Allama Iqbal Open Universitywas established under Policy 1972.
  • Old name of AIOU wasPeople Open University which was changed in 1977
  • AIOU is located in sector H-8
  • Mode of education of AIOU isNon-Formal (distance based)
  • First largest distance based university inAsia and 2nd largest in world is AIOU
  • First open university of the world isUK open university established in 1969,
  • AIOU earnedUNESCO Noma award and Raja Roy Singh
  • PEC started in 2005 for conduction of 5thand 8th grade exams.
  • Only province which has commission for elementary level exam is Punjab (PEC)
  • Assessment Policy Framework (APF) 2020 is new policy of
  • PEC will Discontinue grade 5 & 8 population-based exam. According to APF-2020
  • PEC will start Large scale assessment (LSA) (sample based), andSchool based assessment (SBA) Provide item bank from grade 1 to 8th For SBA APF-2020
  • The National Professional Standards for Teachers(NPSTs) Developed by policy and planning wing ministry of education Pakistan in February 2009.
  • 10 NPSTs were developed with technical support of UNESCO & financial aid of USAID under STEP project (strengthening teacher education in Pakistan.
  • NPST 1: Subject Matter Knowledge
  • NPST 2: Human Growth and Development
  • NPST 3: Knowledge of Islamic Ethical Values
  • NPST 4: Instructional Planning & Strategies
  • NPST 5: Assessment
  • NPST 6: Learning Environment
  • NPST 7: Effective Communications & Use of ICT 
  • NPST 8: Collaboration and Partnership
  • NPST 9: CPD (continuous professional development)& Code of Conduct
  • NPST10: Teaching of ESL/ EFL (English as second language/English as foreign language)
  • Each NPST is subdivided into 03 levels, the Knowledge(cognitive domain), Dispositions (affective domain), Performances (Psychomotor domain).
  • Dividing/separating students according to their abilities is calledTracking.
  • A teacher is self-critical in his teaching would be a reflective teacher.
  • Schools, college, universities provide Formal education.
  • AIOU and Virtual University provide Non-Formal education.
  • Family, friends, mosques, market, media and internet provide In-Formal education.
  • Horace Mann (1796-1859 America) is called Father ofModern American Education.
  • Horace Mannestablished college called Normal school, for Teacher training.
  • In Normal school capable teachers were promoted and unfit were eliminated.
  • Horace Mannstarted Common school for students to provides free education
  • On the art of teaching, Lectures on education are written by Horace Mann
  • Johan Dewey born in 1859and died in 1952 in America.
  • Dewey established Laboratory school at Chicago University in 1896.
  • Dewey introducedproject method, learning by doing, activity methods.
  • Dewey presentedProgressivism philosophy, and he is exponent of
  • Dewey wanted to promote worldwide Democracy through his education system.
  • Dewey‘s curriculum has 03levels Making & doing, space & time, science subjects.
  • Democracy & education, Experience & education, Arts as experience, School and society, Reconstruction in philosophy are written by
  • One of the pioneering elementary education is
  • H. Pestalozzi born in 1746 and died in 1827in Switzerland
  • H. Pestalozzi established Normal schoolfor teacher training at Burg-ford in 1799 
  • Pestalozzi’s Normal schoolfor teacher training closed in 1825.
  • Helen Park Hurst (1883-1973 America)was Student of Maria Montessori
  • Dalton School(Nursery to High School) was established by Helen Park Hurst
  • Dalton School was a laboratory schoolestablished in 1919 in Newark.
  • Dalton School where learner wereexperimenter. Is also called Children University.
  • Helen Park Hurst recognized school into 3 parts Assignments, Laboratory, and House.
  • Teacheroutlined weekly assignments in Dalton School.
  • Student’s performance were shown by Maps/Graphs in Dalton School.
  • Duration of conference in Dalton school was 25-45 Minutes.
  • Laboratory was actually a classroom in Dalton School.
  • Pestalozzi stressed on the training of Teachers.
  • Learning by 3H(head, heart, hand) was given Pestalozzi
  • 3H of Pestalozzi are similar to 3 domain of Bloom taxonomy
  • Head (Cognition), Heart (Affective), Hand (Psychomotor).
  • Pestalozzi is father of Vocational Training(education) and Modern Education 
  • Among the influences of the Pestalozzi and Herbert upon education should be listed the normal school as an Agency for training the teacher.
  • Herbartianismis a pedagogical system of German educator Johann Friedrich Herbart
  • Herbart presented Five formal stepsin lesson planning (teaching) Preparation, presentation, comparison & association, generalization, application in
  • Father of lesson planning isHerbert
  • Science of pedagogy, Outline of pedagogical theory are written by Herbart
  • Two similar ideas mix together but two different combines together. Theory of Idea
  • Theory of Idea was presented byHerbert
  • Herbert Classified of mind classified into 3 parts knowing, feeling, willing
  • Herbert divided Curriculum into 2 parts Historical and Scientific.
  • Kindergarten is German word “kindergarten” which means “garden of children” founded by Frobel in 1837for age of 4-5 years
  • Kindergarten included Gifts, Occupations, and
  • Gifts were 10 symmetrical play materialreturned to original form after use like ball, boxes, and cubes.
  • Occupations (activities) 12 flexible material which were not returned to original form after use clay, cutting paper, painting, drawing, weaving etc.
  • Songs were poems and rhymes.
  • Frobelis 1st philosopher to perceive significance of Socialization as basic principle of teaching.
  • Fredrick Frobel was born in1782 and died in 1852 he was
  • Play is engine of real learning, Learning unite knowing, feeling and doing., All the children have potential to learn are 03 famous saying of
  • Pedagogues of kindergarten, Education of man are written by
  • His religious believes form the bases of his philosophy
  • Maria Montessorian Italian  Physician/educationist born in 1870 and died in 1952
  • 1stwoman doctor graduated from Rome University in 1896. Maria Montessori
  • Dr, Maria saidChild born with mathematical mind as child keep things or classify things mannerly

100-Dr, Maria said from birth to 6-year child has absorbent mind

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PEDAGOGY PREPARATION MCQS

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  1. In Gary method School was divided into two groupsone receives education from specialized teacher other
  2. Gary method was founded by albert H. Gary at Gary Indiana USA in 2006
  3. An educational system that allowed children to work in several grades at once were other examples of reforms associated with progressive education The Winnetka Plan.
  4. Reconstructionism is also called Critical theory, Social Reconstructionism, Postmodernism, Theodor Brameld (1904-1987) was founder of Reconstructionism
  5. George counts, Paulo Freire are exponents of Reconstructionism,
  6. Addressing social questions & quest to create a better society & worldwide democracy Reconstructionism, It has American origin.Reconstructionism
  7. Reforms are necessary in all walks of life focus on social problems. Reconstructionism
  8. Five basis of philosophy totality, revolutionary, democracy, selectivity & coherence. Reconstructionism, Democracy is only truth & reality Reconstructionism
  9. Use of technology to create beneficent society Reconstructionism
  10. Most advance philosophy isReconstructionism
  11. Experiments, sense & observation are real source of knowledge. Reconstructionism
  12. Culture & society are the basic source of values which may change with time. Reconstructionism, It is successor of progressivism. Reconstructionism
  13. Education should reflect social & economical consideration & construct new social system Reconstructionism
  14. System must be changed to improve human conditions Reconstructionism
  15. This philosophy was developed in reaction against realities of ww2 Reconstructionism
  16. Curriculum should reflect social problem like hunger, terrorism, violence, Prepare students for social revolution It is successor of progressivism. Reconstructionism
  17. Eradication of social ills, reconstruct society to meet cultural, social, political & economic problems. It is successor of progressivism. Reconstructionism
  18. Advancement of technology in every sector of life. Reconstructionism
  19. Curriculum of Reconstructionismis Democratic, civic education, social problems, bringing the world into classroom
  20. Stress on building new society, reconstructing and reorganizing educational processReconstructionism
  21. Needs of individuals are more important than society Romanticism.
  22. Logic include inductive and deductive
  23. Reality comprise both idealism and realism (body and mind) Cartesian dualism.
  24. Sensory experience, sense observation or sense perception are called
  25. When a student fail we should give him another chance to improve.
  26. Central body of knowledge required by all students is Core-curriculum
  27. Study of universe is Cosmology, Study of religion is Theology, study of Human being is
  28. Concept of Golden Mean (virtue lies in middle between two extremes) was given by Aristotle
  29. Survival of fittest, theory of evolution (theory of natural selection) was given by Charles Darwin.
  30. Analyze past and present society to create good future Political philosophy.
  31. Islam Is derived from Arabic word “Asama” means “to accept” or “submission”.
  32. Three Perspectives of Islamic Philosophy: Conservative religious, rational, pragmatism.
  33. Basic Aim ofIslamic Philosophy Self preparation and balance personality 
  34. Universals exist before things. Islamic Philosophy
  35. All mankind is expected to believe in Allah the Omnipotent, Omnipresent. Omniscient according to Islamic Philosophy
  36. Mankind is the vicegerentof Allah (Khalifa-tu-Ullah) on Earth
  37. Testimony of Faithin Islamic Philosophy are Allah, Angels. Prophets, Holy books, Day of judgement, fate 
  38. Main source of knowledge is Quran & Sunnah
  39. e. Sitta are the six Books of Hadith
  40. Saheen in  Saha.e.Sitta are Bukhari Sharif and Muslim Sharif.
  41. The totality of life: spiritual, intellectual, religious, cultural, individual, etc. Use of mind & senses.
  42. Inner beauty is more valuable. Islamic Philosophy
  43. A group of teachers in the fourth Hijri century in Al- Basra, who created a group “Lovers of Philosophy” Ikhwan Alsafa
  44. Purposes of education in Islamic Philosophy To know and worship
  45. Basic purpose of education in Islamic Philosophy is Obedience to ALLAH
  46. Dialogue, induction, deduction, personal experience, intuition, discussion, note-taking, and analogy are methods of teaching in  Islamic Philosophy
  47. Teacher are Inheritors of Prophets’ Islamic Philosophy
  48. Prefer emotions (intuitions) over reason Romanticism
  49. No curricula, no schools, no classes and no assessment, Romanticism
  50. It was influenced by first world war (late 19thand early 20th century)  Modernism 
  51. Using rational & logic as mean to gain knowledge, it rejects realism. It rejects the conventional styles of prose & poetry. Modernism
  52. It was influenced by world war-ii Prevalent from mid-20th Postmodernism
  53. It rejects logical thinking and bases on unscientific & irrational thought process. It uses a mixture of conventional styles Postmodernism
  54. Social, political & economic theory, Marxism
  55. It examines effect of capitalism on labor, productivity, economic development & argues worker revolution concept given by Karl Marx Marxism
  56. Reason is source of knowledge does not experience; all our ideas are innate concept given by Rene Descartes Rationalism
  57. Pleasure or absence of pain motivates us to reach or reality. Sex, drugs. Hedonism
  58. Wahdat Ul WajoodConcept was given by Ibnul Arbi
  59. Wahadat Tul Shahudwas given by Mujadad Alf Sani in reaction to Wahdat Ul Wajood.
  60. Desirable models of behavior of a society Values:An accepted way of life. Culture 
  61. When after observing a sample (a little part) someone thinks that it is true than whole will also be true. Fallacy of Composition.
  62. Athenian education focused on political training
  63. Spartan education focused on military training
  64. Athens and Sparta were two cities of Greece
  65. Athenian education involved more intellectual elements than
  66. Combination of arithmetic, astronomy, music, geometry Quadrivium
  1. Combination of arithmetic, music, reading and writing Didaselealum
  2. Combination of grammar, logic, and rhetoric Trivium
  3. Wrestling school in Greece,Plestra,  Art of speaking and writing Rhetoric
    1. Academywas founded by Plato, Lyceum was founded by Aristotle.
  4. Term used by plato which means physical mental spiritual development of individual Paideia, School of Socrates was Megarians (It was name of a Greek city)
  5. Padagos/paragoges:Teachers in old Greece  (in Athenian education these were slaves in early stages), Agog: means excitement , Ephebes: It means young man
  6. Paidos and agos:Formulate word pedagogy which means “to lead the child”
  7. Dialectic method of inquiry was contributed bySocrates
  8. Dialectic method is also callled dialogue method & question answer method or socratic strategy. Socratic metjod
  9. Socrates was teacher of Plato,Plato was teacher of Aristotle, Aristotle was teacher of Alexander
  10. “Developing concept through question answer among students” or dialogues to resolve conflict through questions” Dialectic method 
  11. It stimulate critical thinking. Dialectic method
  12. Dialogue to resolve conflicts between two or more people is Dialectic method
  13. Four types of questions in Dialectic method are
  14. Introductory(linking with previous knowledge) Developing (Questions on new topic),
  15. Recapitulatory(Repeating the questions) Evaluatory (To judge performance at the end)
  16. It is difficult to design standard question inquestion answer method
    1. “A formal discussion between group member to find answers to some universal questions  Dialogue, Socrates used question technique to develop
  17. Socrates Classified Knowledge in to 2 categories Ordinary Knowledge (First Level) and Definitional Knowledge (Higher Level knowledge)
  18. “Knowledge that comes from inside is real” – “knowledge is virtue” said by Socrates
  19. Theory of Knowledgeand Theory of Concepts was given by Socrates
  20. Plato wroteA) Republic, B) Sophists, C) Laws, D) Statesman All
  21. Plato Presentedstory telling method of teaching and idealism theory.
  22. “Apology” is Plato’s recollection of the speeches given by Socrates when Socrates was charged withnot believing in Gods
  23. The first institution of higher learning in the Western world, “Academy”, was founded byPlato, in 387 BC at Athens-Greece to teach Physical Science, Astronomy, Math
  24. Plato advocated compulsory general education between age 07-20 years
  25. Plato presented the idea of ideal stateand idealism philosophy of Plato is mean of Preserving state.
  26. Idealism and Utopian society{ideal society} were given in Plato’s book Republic
  27. Story telling is main tool for formation of student’s character. said by
  28. Ideas what cannot be thought cannot be real said by
  29. Main role of education according to Plato is development ofPower of Thinking.
  30. Plato presented theTheory of Cave Also called as The Allegory of the Cave.
  31. Physical objects and events are Shadowsof their ideal form. Theory of Cave

Plato’s Cave, is an allegory presented in book Republic to compare “the effect of education and the lack of it on our nature”.

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  1. Emphasizes man is nothing what he makes himself Existentialism
  2. Human being create their own reality/values through choices Existentialism
  3. Human have freedom of choices
  4. Man is central than truth or laws. People are free agents Existentialism
  5. It is investigation of being, it states existence comes before everything Existentialism
  6. Who am i? What should i do? Are subjects of Existentialism
  7. Existence precedes the essence (nature/reality), Existence is ultimate Existentialism
  8. Values should be freely chosen, man makes his culture & values Existentialism
  9. Man is responsible for his actions Existentialism
  10. Individuality of man is supreme. Existentialism
  11. Home education is better than school. Existentialism
  12. Each person is responsible for his choices, choice leads to success or failure Existentialism, Accept idea of death. Existentialism
  13. Leap of faith (no matter the outcomes, success/failure they will make it) Existentialism
  14. Man cannot made readymade concept of existence (no inborn nature) but create their own realities (my life, I will do what I want) Existentialism
  15. Man cannot be taught what the world is. Existentialism
  16. Teaching is performance that evokes students learningExistentialism
  17. To educate the whole person not just mind is focused in Existentialism
  18. Help learner to become fully authentic being Existentialism
  19. Child freedom, self-directed, self-paced learning focused in Existentialism
  20. They are against assessment of students Existentialism
  21. Focus on self-direction and self-actualization. Existentialism
  22. Student centered; teacher is facilitator to create environment where student can choose their own way Existentialism
  23. Teacher help individual to identify himself  in Existentialism
  24. Perennial mean Everlasting and Everlasting reality is focused inPerennialism  
  25. Robert Hutchins (American) is father of Perennialism
  26. Mortimer Adler, Jacque’s martin are exponent of
  27. Perennialism has American origin.
  28. Despite different environment human nature remains same everywhere so education should be the same for everyone Perennialism
  29. Against advancement or technology
  30. Focus on ideas that have been lasted for centuries.
  31. Study of great old books (literature, philosophy, history, science) Perennialism
  32. Western ideas have potential to solve problems of any era Perennialism
  33. Most conservative, same education for all humans. Perennialism
  34. Emphasis on everlasting reality, focusing on old things/facts Perennialism
  35. Humans are rational being soEmphasis reasoning thinking & memory and prepare leaners rationally & spiritually Perennialism
  36. It is transfer of knowledge, skills from older generation to younger generation.Perennialism
  37. Study 25 books/year  Perennialism
  38. Adler developed curriculum based on 100 books of western civilization Perennialism
  39. Hutchens developed great books program in 1963 Perennialism
    1. Idealism & realism are embedded in
    2. Education is not imitation of life but preparation of it.
    3. Permanency is more real than change
    4. Back to universal truths is slogan of
    5. Develop intellectual & moral qualities of learners developed by ancient scholars. Understanding the great ideas of civilizations (western) Perennialism.
    6. People are human teach about humans not machines/techniques
    7. Restrain child freedom, allow punishment/reward
    8. Reading books, Socratic dialogues, discussion, Student spend most of time in 3rs reading, writing, arithmetic (by logical method)
    9. It isTeacher centered, teacher is authority figure
    10. Teacher should be a master of subject & guides discussion.
    11. Focus on learners’ personal development (by Thomas Aquinas) Religious Perennialism
    12. Focus on things that lasts for an indefinite long time. Secular Perennialism
    13. Most conservative philosophy isPerennialism
    14. Essential mean Extremely important
    15. William Bagley was founder of Essentialism
    16. Exponents of Essentialism are Rick Over, Copper Man, Seizer,
    17. It has American origin. Essentialism
    18. Common core of knowledge (useful basic knowledge, skills, values, attitudes) need to be transmitted to students in a systematic & disciplined way  Essentialism
    19. Back to basics (mean promoting reasoning) is slogan of Essentialism
    20. It was reaction against progressivism. Essentialism
    21. Stress on mental discipline, useful culture & skills. Essentialism
    22. Assimilation of prescribed subject matter is focused in Essentialism
    23. Get their aims of education from traditions Essentialism
    24. What is relevant, helps to live well & benefits humanity is reality  Essentialism
    25. Teaching traditional moral values (making students disciplined) Essentialism
    26. Believe in teaching basic subjects (core curriculum) which may change it is unlike to perennials Essentialism
    27. Emphasis on moral & intellectual values school should teach Essentialism
    28. School should be practical, making student practical and valuable member of society.
    29. Core curriculum may change according to Essentialism
    30. Basics should be trained like reading, writing, speaking, logic. Essentialism
    31. Schooling should be practical & to make learners valuable/model member of society. Essentialism
    32. This approach was reaction to pragmatism (1920-30) Essentialism
    33. Idealism & realism are embedded in Essentialism
    34. It promote technology (as opposed to Perennialism) Essentialism
    35. Teach essentials which learners need to live well in modern society. Essentialism
    36. Training students to read, write, speak & compute logically Essentialism
    37. Students are passive  only listen & learn, teacher is active in Essentialism
    38. Socratic Method, direct instructions. Lecture, memorization are used in Essentialism
    39. John Dewey (1859-1952) was founder of Progressivism
    40. William Kilpatrick, William James are exponents of Progressivism
    41. It has American origin Progressivism
    42. It emphasizes learning by doing & claims that children learn best when follow their own interests & satisfy their own needs” center of gravity is child Progressivism
    43. Other names of Progressivism areExperimentalism, instrumentalism, functionalism 
    44. It is derived from pragmatism
    45. Learners learn best from what they consider most relevant to their lives & from social interaction
    46. Curriculum according to need, interest, ideas, experience & abilities of learners.
    47. Against traditional system of teaching & learning book learning is not substitute for learning by doing (Dewey)
    48. Focus on individual its interest, needs & growth
    49. Learning through experience, experimental knowledge is real.
    50. Life is continuously changing process.
    51. School should run on democratic lines, freedom to improve our life (said by Dewey) Books are only tools not authority Progressivism.
    52. Education should focus on whole child rather than content or teacher Books are only tools not authority
    53. Learning is rooted in question of students arise after experience to something Books are only tools not authority Learner should be active not passive
    54. Education is life itself not a preparation for life.  Progressivism
    55. Education is the reorganization of experience said by Dewey. Progressivism
    56. Objectives of education of ProgressivismMake student problem solver, Socially aware
    57. Group learning (collaborative & cooperative) to develop cooperation & social skills  Progressivism
    58. Progressivist teacher emphasizepractical learning.
    59. Child centered; students are active. advisor guide, fellow traveler Progressivism
    60. Group work, cooperative learning, project method, problem solving, experimental method, debate, role play, discussion are used in Progressivism
    61. Gary method is also calledGary plan /platoon system/work-study-play plan

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  1. Philosophy is combination of two Greek words Philos. (Love), Sophia (Wisdom)
  2. Values not change over time, truth is not changed according to Idealism
  3. Instruction is teacher centered, by favorite lecture method in Idealism
  4. Thoughts control reality, Senses are unreliable, you cannot trust on sensesIdealism
  1. Oldest western Philosophy Idealism
  2. Mind, ideas, and spirit are only true reality Idealism
  3. Matter/material world is changing and is not real. Focus on self-realization. Idealism
  4. Focus is on conscious reasoning (rationalism) in the mind Idealism
  5. Values are predetermined, absolute & unchanging, and man is not creator of values.Idealism It is monism theory which says God is all source of knowledge Idealism
  6. Body & matter are false, mind thoughts and ideas are real and true.Idealism
  7. Man being spiritual is supreme creation (it’s a glimpse of humanist philosophical view) IdealismSpiritual laws are universal, Idealism
  8. It is against realism, sensory experience and scientific method to explain nature. Idealism
  9. Truth is perfect & eternal and cannot be found in matter which is imperfect and constantly changing, Idealism, Exponents of idealism were Frobel, Descartes,Idealism
  10. Believe in existence of God, Universe is created by God.Idealism
  11. Plato (427-347 BC) and his teacher Socrates were founder of Idealism
  12. Idealismhas Greek origin, It is Psycho-centric (Mind is at center of reality)
  13. Idealismbelieves that human personality if of supreme importance and constitute noblest work of God, therefore supreme aim of education is to exalt self which implies self-realization It is called Exaltation of Humanity.
  14. It is also called spiritualism Idealism It is search for truth, beauty and justice” Idealism
  15. Education refers to discover universal principle of truth, beauty and goodness which govern human conduct said bySocrates
  16. “philosophy believed that ideas are only true reality, Idealism
  17. Self is primary reality, reality may be one or many, self-realization.Idealism
  18. Values are real & unchanging, evil has not real existence, character development, preparation for whole life Idealism
  19. Search for true ideas, spiritual knowledge is ultimate Idealism
  20. Aims of education  are search for truth, self-realization, character/moral development Plato said soul is fully form and perfect.
  21. Emphasis is on thinking, reasoning, book reading, believe in positive education Idealism
  22. Emphasis is on Inner discipline (discipline of mind and intellect), moral & religious instruction, Restrain child freedom Idealism
  23. Teaching methodsare lecture, discussion, dialogue, question answer (dialectic method) storytelling book reading Idealism
  24. Teacher centered, teacher is spiritual guide and role model Idealism
  25. Objective idealismwas presented by Plato which states ideas are essence
  26. Subjective idealismwas presented by George Berkeley which states man is able to reason without perception from outside
  27. Religious idealismstates eternal values exist in God
  28. Idealism was explained by Plato in his book republic
  29. There two kinds of worlds one is mental/spiritual which is eternal, permanent & orderly 2nd is world of appearance, which is experienced through senses, changing, imperfect, disorderly this division is called duality of mind and body.
  30. Idealism and Utopian society were mentioned in Republic
  31. Utopian society was described as ideal society
  32. University of Utopia was written by Robert Hutchins
  33. Plato’sFamous saying is “see with the eyes of mind”
  34. Mind is real according to Plato, Matter/Physical world is real according to Aristotle
  35. Stress mind over matter.Idealism, Stress matter over mind Realism
  36. Teacher leads the child toward reality Realism has Greek origin.
  37. Aristotle (382-322 BC) was founder and exponents are john Locke, Russell
  38. “Reality exists independent of human mind matter is real not mind”
  39. Real world is world of nature, world is composed of matter Realism
  40. Ideas, are only images of physical world. Focus is on character development. Realism
  41. It is against idealism.Realism, students should be given rewards Realism
  42. Physical world/ material world is real (matter-centric) Realism
  43. It is scientific, it does not believe in existence of God. Realism
  44. It is pluralistic (multiple sources of real knowledge) Realism
  45. All knowledge is derived from experience (Senses)  Realism
  46. Physical world & universe is operated by natural laws Realism
  47. Discover truth through sensory experience, observation & scientific method Realism
  48. Empiricism and Scientific method, deducted method were given byRealism
  49. Nothing is permanent in this universe like values. Realism
  50. Develop rational power in learners. Oppose bookish learning Realism
  51. Prepare child to understand material world by inquiry.Realism
  52. Equip learner with knowledge & skills (vocational) Realism
  53. Aristotle is father of Scientific method., Psychology (Peripsyche first book on Psychology), Realism., Discipline of logic (Reasoning)
  54. Restrain child freedom, teacher is dominant Realism
  55. Teach basicreading writing & arithmetic, Focus on mastery of facts & skills. Realism
  56. Inductive, heuristic, experimental method, field trips, demonstration teaching methods and use of AV aids, are used in Realism
  57. Objects are independent of mind whether they are known or not. Naïve realism
  58. Object’s existence is independent of knowledge, but metaphysical thoughts depend on mind. It is based on john lock’s mind. Representationalism

Qualities of an objects are its own, knowledge does not affect them. Neo Realism

  1. Object possess qualities and is directly known, different people have different knowledge of an object Critical Realism
  2. Realism was in reaction of idealismand pragmatism was reaction against both idealism and realism
  3. Nature is real & valuable Naturalism, it has French origin. Naturalism,
  4. Aims of education is self-expression,according to Naturalism
  5. Naturalism is also calledPositivism Naturalism.
  6. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778 ad) was founder of Naturalism.
  7. Exponents of Naturalismare Montessori, Darwin, spencer McDougall,
  8. Emphasizes that nature alone represents reality there is nothing beyond nature Naturalism, Slogan of is Back to nature.
  9. Material world is real, does not believe in spiritualism Naturalism.
  10. Natural laws are universal & necessary.Naturalism.
  11. Nature is everything, does not believe in existence of God Naturalism.
  12. Man born good society make him bad Naturalism.
  13. Man born free but everywhere he is in chain (imprisonment)
  14. Essence of life is instinct (natural response to any environment) Naturalism.
  15. Divide education into two methods positive & negative education Naturalism.
  16. Rejects positive education (the traditional education) Naturalism
  17. Prefer negative education Naturalism.
  18. Complete departure from direct/traditional education child should be taught/protect from false hood he will develop reasoning power and learn to understand truth or virtue by himself a concept of negative education in Naturalism.
  19. Everything comes from nature & return to it Naturalism.
  20. Senses are gateway to knowledgeNaturalism. No spiritual values in Naturalism.
  21. Emphasizes child freedom present experience, science, scientific knowledge. Naturalism
  22. Nature is itself real (Naturo centric) nature is best school Naturalism.
  23. Child is center of reality it is psychological based Naturalism.
  24. Naturalism Curriculum has5 developmental levels. Infancy (0-2 years) Childhood –age of nature (2-12 years).Boyhood (pre-adolescence) (12-15), Youth (puberty- 16-20) Adulthood (20-25). They are against examination of students Naturalism.
  25. This stage is Noble savage as Rousseau described in the social contract. Boyhood
  26. Man is lower form of life from which he is evolved Biological Naturalism
  27. Negative Education that tend to perfect the organs that are instruments of knowledge before giving them knowledge directly, education that try to prepare reason by proper exercise of senses” Rousseau (it should be given to child from age 1-12 years)
  28. Formal education is invention of society. Naturalism.
  29. Teaching method is pedo-centric (child-centered) Naturalism.
  30. Play-way and heuristic method are famous teaching methods in Naturalism.
  31. Reality exist in natural universe not in individual Physical Naturalism
  32. Man is mere a machine there is no spirit or soul only matter is everything. Mechanical Naturalism.
  33. All education is pleasant, no difference between mind and body
  34. Pragmatism isphilosophy of Practical Experience
  35. Pragmatismis derived from Greek– word Pragma means Practice/action/use
  36. Charles Pierce (1839-1914 AD) was founder of Pragmatism
  37. Exponents of Pragmatism are John Dewey, William James
  38. Pragmatism has USAorigin, Universe is dynamic according to
  39. Pragmatism is againstbreakdown of knowledge into different subjects and prefer integration of subject (Integrated curricula)
  40. Emphasizes that things/ideas that can be experienced or observed are real Pragmatism
  41. ‘Truth is that works” It is a famous principle of Pragmatism
  42. It is combination of ideas and experience with matter.
  43. It is pluralism theory (multiple sources of knowledge)
  44. It says thought must produce actions
  45. No fixed values, values change over time reality & values are still making.
  46. Emphasis on practical experience that produce testable and verifiable knowledge Knowledge acquired through practice/experience only. Pragmatism.
  47. Ultimate reality is utility (Practicability)
  48. Anthropo centric (human experience is center of reality)
  49. Reality is still making it is not ready made
  50. Different group work cooperatively to develop democracy (wants a democratic society) ultimate purpose is creation of new society
  51. Leaner must adopt to each other their environment
  52. Focus on development of individual
  53. Utilitarian’s philosophy, utility is test of all truth & reality
  54. It is a practical humanistic philosophy believe on present and democracy.
  55. Growth and development take place through interaction with environment.
  56. Reject metaphysics as area of philosophical enquiry.
  57. Conclusion or concept of death is mere a guess.
  58. Change is essence of reality (Change is reality/reality is constantly changing) is slogan of Pragmatism, Enable child to solve problems of daily life.
  59. More & more growth & creation of new values.  
  60. Prepare students for citizenship, daily living & future career.
  61. Creation of democratic ideals
  62. There are 4 principlesof pragmatists curriculum which are Principle of utilitarian’s, Learner interest, Learner’s experience Integration of subjects
  63. Child freedom, free discipline, self-discipline are focused in
  64. Teaching method is psychological & sociological, dualism (theory & practice) Problems are solved through scientific method inPragmatism.
  65. You cannot know something until you have not experienced it
  66. Project method, problem solving learning by doing, activity learning are methods of teaching in
  67. Student centered, where teacher is Facilitator
  68. Capacity of human being is valuable and enable him to adjust his environment or change environment according to his needs Biological Pragmatism.
  69. What satisfies human nature is only true & real. Satisfaction of desire, need develop life Humanistic Pragmatism.
  70. The principle is true which can be verified by experiment. Experimental Pragmatism.
  71. Existentialism isModern Youngest Philosophy
  72. Existentialism is derived from Latin-exsistere: stand out/to be)
  73. Soren Kierkegaard (1813-1855 ad) was founder of Existentialism.
  74. Exponents of Existentialismare Jean Paul Sartre (1905-80), F. Nietzsche, Karl Jasper
  75. Existentialism has Danish(Denmark) origin. It is 20th century philosophy (1945)

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PADAGOGY Preparation MCQS

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  • The sum of curricular and co-curricular activities is? Curriculum
  • Activities which are designed for teaching process for attainment of objectives of curriculum/education are called Curricular activities
  • Activities arranged alongside standard study curriculum, considered complementary, they overlap one another in day-to-day routine of the school. co-curricular activities
  • Previously co-curricular were known as “extra-curricular”
  • A teacher shall inculcate social and moral values among students by involving students actively in co-curricular activities
  • Physical development, intellectual development and social development are benefits ofCo-curricular activities
  • Co-curricular activities organised to develop social values in student
  • The major purpose of co-curricular activities is to help student achieve a well-adjusted
  • Academic development activities: Morning assembly, subjects clubs, historical societies, educational quizzes, education trip
  • Aesthetic development activities: Drawing painting, music, dramatics, exhibitions,
  • Cultural development activities: Religious celebrations (birthday of prophet) aid,
  • National integration activities: Celebration of national and international days
  • Activities for leisure: Photography stamp collection cons collection, album making, decoration
  • Literary activities: Poetry, debates, lectures, library work,
  • Productive activities: Gardening, soap making, toy making
  • Physical development activities: Drill, gym, athletics, wrestling, indoor games
  • Social welfare activities: Scouting, girls’ guiding, red cross, first aid
    • Which of the following is not a level of teaching learning? Differentiation level
  • The main objectives to be achieved through memory level of teaching are the knowledge objectives
  • The concept of team teaching emerged in
  • Two or more teachers teach same class at same time in same classroom Team teaching
  • Two or more teacher make a plan cooperatively, carry it out and evaluate its efffect on students is team teachingsaid by B, Naik
  • Which is not the advantage of team teaching Better financial benefits of teacher
  • The hypothesis underlying team teaching is The best teachers in schools are shared by more students
  • There are6 principle or ways of team teaching
  • Team teaching where teachers divide the class and each teacher teaches t his group is called Parallel teaching.
  • In this co-teaching approach, teachers divide content and students. Each teacher then teaches the content to one group and subsequently repeats the instruction for the other group. Station teaching
  • One teacher takes responsibility for the large group while the other works with a smaller group who need specialized attention,  Alternative teaching
  • Team teaching: in team teaching, both teachers are delivering the same instruction at the same time.
  • Team teaching is calledCo-Teaching.
  • Which of the following level of teaching requires more active participation, more imaginative and creative thinking? reflective level
  • “Teleconferencing means meeting through a telecommunications medium. It is a generic term for linking people between two or more locations by electronics”.
  • Types of Teleconferences 03
  • Audio Teleconference:voice-only; sometimes called conference calling. Interactively links people in remote locations via telephone lines.
  • Video Teleconference:combines audio and video to provide voice communications and video images.
  • Computer Teleconference:uses telephone lines to connect two or more computers and modems. It uses audio, video, textual, graphical content.
  • Audio bridges (equipment used to create telephone conference calls) connectall lines together
  • Teacher diary (for preparing lesson plans) is written daily by the teachers
  • It is a notebook prepared by teacher which contained planned lesson, teaching content, class timetables and assessment methods. Teacher Diary
  • It also known as teacher’s journal or planner. Teacher Diary
  • It helps teachers plan and manage their time effectively.Teacher Diary
  • There are 03 levels of teaching Memory level, Understanding level, Reflective level.
    • Each level of teaching involves 4 steps  Focus, Syntax, Social System, Support System
    • It involves objectives Focus
    • It involves teaching methodology Syntax
    • It involves class environment Social System
    • It involves assessment Support System
    • Lowest level, which involves memorization & cramming of information, Teacher centered Memory Level of Teaching
    • Herbert modelfor lesson planning is used for Memory Level of Teaching
    • This level makes the pupils understand and comprehend the information, generalizations, principles & facts. Both pupils & teachers participate in lesson Understanding level
    • Morrison Modelfor lesson planning is used for Understanding level
    • Includes both understanding memory & understanding level teaching, It means “Problem centered” teaching. Reflective level of teaching
    • For developing reflective levelof teaching Hunt model is used.
    • Memory level use Herbert 5 stepslesson planning model
    • Understanding level use Morrison 5 stepslesson planning model
    • Reflective level use Hunt 5 stepsproblem solving lesson planning model
    • Education which focuses on human rights, fundamental freedom, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups is called Peace Education  
  • Article 26, universal declaration of human rights is related to Peace Education  
  • Peace is the absenceof physical and structural violence
  • It is an instructional method of teaching in which emphasis is given on choosing a specific theme for teaching one or many concepts. Thematic instruction
  • Theme based instruction focuses on a specific theme or topic to connect and integratelearning across different subjects. 
  • Thematic instruction or theme based instruction.
  • Thematic learning is based on Schema Theory
  • All knowledge is organized into units (Schemata), which is stored information in our mind (gained through experiences)”  Schema Theory
    • Feedback andreinforcement is associated with Operant conditioning of behaviorism
  • It is information about the system that enables organization to correct Feedback
  • Teacher reaction to student performance on task is Feedback
  • It is information given to the learner about the learner’s performance relative to learning goals or outcomes. Feedback
  • There areThree types of feedback Appreciation, Coaching, Evaluation
  • Appreciation: Recognizing and rewarding someone for great work. …
  • Coaching: Helping someone expand their knowledge, skills and capabilities. …
    • Evaluation: Assessing someone against a set of standards, aligning expectations and informing decision-making
    • A is a quiet song which is intended to be sung to babies and young children to help them go to sleep Lullaby
    • Teaching same class for more than one year is called looping. Looping
    • Single teaching is teaching more than one class at a time in same room Multigrade Teaching (MGT)
    • It refers to the teaching of students of different ages, grades and abilities in the same group. Multigrade Teaching
    • “composite teaching” or “combination classes” are other names of Multigrade Teaching
    • Our primary education is following Multigrade Teaching 
    • Consecutive Grades are grouped together like Grade 3 and 4 in Multigrade Teaching
    • One teacher is teaching one class at a time is calledMono-Grade teaching.
  • Laddering: Changing a discussion to consider categories that are either more inclusive or less inclusive than the level of the current topic,
  • Scaffolding: Providing temporary support and encouragement to students until help is no longer needed.
  • Cascading: Involves training the trainers who then have to train other trainers. This process is repeated to lower levels until the target group is reached.
  • In classroom it is Cooperative analysis of short critical passage of a text or graphics in the classroom by teacher  Cascading
  • Mentoring: The process in which a senior teacher guides a junior teacher for improvement
    • Modeling:When teachers model the desired behaviors or skills in front of the students in the classroom, the practices
    • Guided Reading: Structured reading where short passages are read, students’ interpretations are immediately recorded, discussed, and revised
    • Application Teaching:A constructivist approach cantered on activities which involve learning which proceeds from more basic ideas to more complex.
    • Brain-Based Learning:It is based on the idea that instructional activities are more effective if they occur in an environment compatible with the way the brain is designed to learn.
    • Chronological Sequencing:Instruction where objectives are presented to learner in chronological order
    • Learning Limitations: Difficulty in learning like attention, dyslexia (dyslexia is a common learning difficulty that can cause problems with reading, writing and spelling)
    • Novelty:One of the best motivational techniques is to engage student early in instruction is to share something unusual with students to arouse curiosity.
    • Generalizing:When the teacher is restating the information to show basic principles in the classroom
    • An interesting classroom activity guess box in which object is hidden in a container and students are ask question about the content of box in order to identify & its characteristics
    • Manipulative:The handmade objects used in the classroom to allow students to make connections to concepts through touch,
  • Invented Spelling: When children begin learning to write, they normally misspell the words, these mistaken spelling
  • Ice Breakers: These are activities designed to help people get acquainted in new situations or environments
  • Raps: These are songs written and presented by students
  • Federal Ministry of Professional and Technical Training Pakistan was established in July 2011in the wake of 18th Amendment.

100-Bio Poems:  Poems written by students about any specific person or object

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  • Electronic learning is acquired through ICT medium (internet, Email, animation, YouTube) from anywhere at any time. E-Learning
  • Distance learning education without joining institution or classroom physically.
  • Interactive radio instructions (IRI), Interactive audio instructions (IAI)
  • Virtual Learning environments (VLE) Acquiring education Online through an institution. Like Virtual university of Pakistan.
  • Computer supportive collaborative learning (CSCL) Mutual learning where students work cooperatively on task distributed by teachers through computers.
  • Web Based Learning (WBL) It is also called internet-based learning, Use of internet services (Discussion forum, email, video conferencing and video lectures) for learning.
  • Class blogs: regularly updated educational website/webpage, interactive, for learner
  • Podcasting Episodic series of digital audio files that a user can download to a personal device for easy listening. Available for subscriber learners only.
  • Contemporary learning environmentsPhysical class equipped with internet & technology
  • Teaching students using online mediums  Online Teaching
    • Total Sections under PEEDA actare 26, and total grounds are 05
    • Inefficiency, Misconduct, Corruption, Subversive activities, Disclosure of official secrets are 5 grounds under PEEDA act 2006
    • PEEDA stands for Punjab Employees’ Efficiency Discipline and Accountability Act
    • AccusedAgainst whom action is initiated under PEEDA Act
    • Appointing authority declared or notified as such by an order of the Government
    • Competent Authority:Competent to initiate proceedings under PEEDA Act.
    • Appellate Authority” means the authority next above the competent authority
    • Minor Penalties under PEEDA 2006 areCensure (Warning etc), Fine (not exceeding 1 month basic pay), Reduction to a lower stage in pay scale (Max 5 Years) Withholding of increments (Maximum five years), Withholding of Promotion (Maximum 5 Years)
    • Major Penalties under PEEDA 2006 RecoveryFrom Pay Pension, Reduction To a Lower Post and Pay Scale (Max 5 Years) , Forfeiture of Past Service (Max 5 Years), Compulsory Retirement, Removal From Service (employee can rejoin same/other govt. service) Dismissal From Service (employee cannot join same or any other govt. service)
    • Form used for purchasing /equipment for new room PC1(PC=Project cycle)
    • Form used for approval of new vacancies SNE (Schedule of new expenditure)
    • Movement from one department to another department for temporary period Deputation
  • A civil servant can avail deputation 02 timesin service, Tenure of deputation is 03 years
  • Salary is extended 10%during deputation
  • Test isinstrument or systematic procedure used for measuring sample of behavior Norman E Gronlundand
  • “Test is A set of questions having correct answer that examines usually answer orally or in writing (Ebele & Frisble)”. 
  • Measurement:“is to obtain information in quantitative (Mehran’s & Lehman’s)”
  • Assessmentis derived from Latin Assidere to sit beside
  • “Assessmentis interpretation of measurement data it makes sense of data collected from students’ performance (Murry Print)”
  • Assessmentis to gain information about student learning (Gay)
  • Evaluation Is information gathering and providing useful information for judging decision alternatives (Ebel & Frisble)
  • Evaluationassess teachers, instructions and students, performance”
  • Thinking is administration, Doing is management, Supporting is supervision
  • A group of people working together for same goal Organization
  • It exercise authority Administration, It exercise execution Management
  • Making a logical choice from available options Decision making
  • Allotment of duties and making optimum use of resources is organization.
  • Influencing is using authority partsof the work
  • Henry Fayol was a French Engineer Wrote book “General & industrial management”
  • Max Weber German sociologistand Chester Bernard supported Authority in Work
  • William Ouchi wrote book Theory Z: How American Business can meet the Japanese Challenge.McGregor wrote book “Human side of the Enterprise”
  • Authoritarian, autocratic, Repressive, tight control, no development, poor production, employees dislike work & have fear of punishment Theory X of McGregor
  • Democratic, Participative, no external control, employees are self-motivated, like to work, accept responsibility, mutual sharing, development, Theory Y of McGregor
  • “Japanese management theory, employees are interested and loyal, lot of trust on them, more responsibilities on worker, manager is passiveTheory Z of William Ouchi
  • “ Planning is Some devise something to be done, some actions are involved beforehand”Oxford-Dictionary:”
  • Planning is process of studying something for future & arranging program of operation Fayol
  • Planning is process of preparing set of decision, action for future, optional means & achieving the objectives Y-Dorr
  • Educational planning consists of inputs, throughputs & output analysis Seth Spaulding
  • Educational planning includes five steps,: goals, needs assessment, objectives, methods, and evaluation. 
  • The international institute for educational planning (an arm of UNESCO) created in 1963
  • Input, processing, output are Planning indicator
  • Quality education, literacy rate, change in behavior, social adjustment are developmental indicators.
  • Goals, human, material resources, alternate selection. Are Areas of educational planning
  • Planning processis a universal, continuous, and rational
  • Appropriate alternative for solution of problem or selection of choices in keeping best possible use of available resource.is called rationality
  • A needs assessment is a process for determining the needs, or “gaps,” between a current and desired outcome Need assessment
  • Magnitude of financial outlay which should be available for determination of need satisfaction, provision of blueprint for action implementation. Costing of needs
  • Priorities are set in establishingTargets
  • Ensure achievability in educational planning  Feasibility Testing
  • A blueprint for action and implementation of plan is Plan Formulation
  • Each unit/employee has clearly identifies actions in planning is Plan elaboration
  • Finding the strength and weaknesses in plan is Plan Evaluation
  • Planning is done at local level/grass root level of society is indicative planning
  • District level planning isindicative planning
  • Planning done at Federal/Central level is known as imperative centralized planning.
  • Strategic and long term with long term objectives imperative centralized planning.
  • Planning commission of Pakistan is an example of imperative centralized planning.
  • Planning involves strategies that focus on the results within a short time,Time duration is 1 year (12 months) Short-Term Planning
  • Planning that focus on permanent solutions to short-term problem, so that problems do not recur again. Time duration is 2-5 yearsMedium-Term Planning
  • Strategic planning Time duration is 5-10 yearsLong-Term Planning
  • A big, broad, long-termplanning, involves vision, mission & values Strategic plan
  • These plans are planned by Top managers. Involves SWOT analysis. Strategic plan
  • What is going to happen, identification of specific, short-term goals Tactical plans
  • Tactical planning supports strategic planning, planned by Middle managers.
  • How things need to happen, describes the day-to-day running Operational plans
  • Operational plans are single use plans planned by Lower managers.Operational plans
  • Plans when something unexpected happens or need a change Contingency plans
  • These are backup plans if primary plans fails.Contingency plans
  • Sectoral plansprojects prepared by each sector in organization
  • Integratedplans , combination of different plans ,pilot area is selected for development
  • Planning Commission of Pakistan established in1952  (denoted as PC)
  • Established (08) five-year plans and medium term development framework (MTDF), also public sector development program (PSDP) is under PC of Pakistan.
    • Plans which cover briefer periods and include dayto day operations of the organization are: Operational plans
    • A&nbspis a less single use plan: Project
    • Many organizations pursue ongoing goalsthat require managers to address the same type of situation over and over. Standing plans
    • Alternative courses of actions to be followed inthe events of unexpected environment comes under: Contingency plans
  • Approaches To Educational Planning03 basic approaches
  • Social Demand Approach:  satisfaction of social demand, it forecast output of a qualified school leaver, make assumption about overseas students.
  • Man-Power Approach:attempts to integrate education planning with qualified manpower needs for economic development
  • Rate Of Return Approach:education is investment like others,
  • Component of Financial Planning(03 Component) Financial goals, Financial resources, Financial tools
  • Models of Financing03 Models
  • Bureaucratic model:decision taken by highest political level e.g.  government
  • Collegial model: collegial models assume that organizations determine policies and make decisions through a process of discussion leading to consensus. Academic freedom
  • Market modelincome is generated by organization by selling its products & services
  • Unbiasedness, no personal prejudice is Objectivity
  • Biasedness & personal prejudice is subjectivity,
  • Natural way of assessing a child Observation
  • Expression of opinion is provided in Rating Scale
  • Trait is assigns a number in Numerical scale

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  • Communication is a&nbspProcess
  • Communication is a processcommunication make instructional process interesting
  • Written communication strategy includes-Algorithms andDecision Table
  • The kinds of communication are two-verbal and nonverbal
  • Communication without words through gestures is non verbal
  • Communication through the use of language is verbal
  • The kinds of verbal communication are Two-written and oralcommunication
  • Communication through spoken word is called oral communication
  • Communication through written words is known as written communication
  • Communication through computer modem fascimal machine, videos is electronic communication
  • Communication helps to achieve objectives
  • Through communication we interchange our thoughts by speech, writing, gesture All
  • Teaching and learning could not occur without communication
  • There is no interaction between people without communication
  • It is one of the element of communication is idea
  • The example of verbal communication explaining and questioning
  • Communication start with Idea origination
  • Exchange of through by verbal and nonverbal means in Communication
  • Communication of education outcome is called educational reporting
  • Which of the following is not a stage of the communication process Feedback,
  • An appropriate communication channel is not dependent on motorway
  • Which is not an example of verbal communication Gestures
  • All the verbal and non-verbal communications between teachers and students areSignals
  • Several studies have shown that administrators spend their most of time Communication
  • Encoding step in communication process is Necessary to convert the idea into message
  • It is the product of a sender’s encoding. Message
  • It is an important nonverbal component of communication. Eye contact.
  • Bulletin, notice boards, circulars are considered examples of communication. Lateral
  • Suggestion boxes, employee attitude surveys, and grievance procedures are examples of communication. Upward
  • The actual patterns and flow of communication connecting sender and receiver are jointly called communication Network
  • Innetwork all communication is channeled through one person. Wheel
  • A school has hierarchy of staff belonging to divers backgroundFrame of reference communication barrier has more chance to occur.
  • Feedbackstep determines whether understanding has been achieved during the communication process or not.
  • Source– produces the information
  • Transmitter or Encoder – transforms or encodes the information into a suitable form
  • Message or Signal – the transformed information. It is prerequisite for communication
  • Medium/Channel – mode by which the message is transmitted
  • Receiver or Decoder – translate or decodes the message back to its original form, the intended recipient of the information
  • Three Main components  0f communication are Sender-channel-receiver
  • Vertical communication:communication from higher to lower or lower to higher level.
  • It has two sub types Downward and upward
  • DownwardCommunication: flow of information from higher to lower level, from head to teacher examples; notice board
  • UpwardCommunication: flow of information from lower to higher level, from teacher to head examples; suggestion box.
  • HorizontalCommunication: flow of information among individuals of same level from teacher to teacher
  • Diagonal Communication:A hybrid of horizontal and vertical example dialogue between members of organization having various ranks.
  • Communication without words is called non-verbal communication
  • Any message given by other than words is called: Non-Verbal Communication
  • Communication without words is called Non-Verbal communication
  • Nonverbal communicationalso called Sign-language or silent language
  • Following are types of nonverbal communication
  • VisualsCharts, maps, images
  • Chronemics is the study of the use of time in nonverbal communication
  • Hapticsis the use of touching in communication.
  • ProxemicsDistance maintained by sender and receiver.
  • Kinesicsrelated to the movement of any part of the body or the body
  • Paralanguageincludes how loudly/softly you are speaking, intensity, pausing, silence.
  • ArtifactsDecorative ornamentation to represent self-concept. Tattoos. Logos.
  • They can include rings and  but may also include brand names and
  • Vocalics Tone of voice and pitch used by sender.
  • Gaze Eye movement and eye contact
  • Communication through formal/ official routes and channels. Formal Communication
  • Informal Communicationgrapevine communication.
  • sudden, unplanned, communication in Informal Communication
  • Talking to many people through print or electronic media Mass communication
  • It is a Public communication Mass communication
  • The communication takes place between two people is called interpersonal
  • Communication of a person with himself is called intrapersonal communication
  • Communication between member of same organization is called intrapersonal
  • Communication between member of one organisation with other organization or other member of the society is called interpersonal communication
  • Interpersonal Communicationis the communication between two or more person,
  • Extra Personal communication: Communication with non-human like animals, birds
  • Noise shows the barrierin communications.
  • 7 C’s of communicationClear, correct, complete, concise, coherence, concrete, courtesy,
  • Linear Communication modelsOnly look at one-way communication.
  • Aristotle’s linear model has following 03  steps{Ethos(Speaker) Pathos (message) and Logos (Audience)
  • Berlo’s S-M-C-R model(Source, Message, Channel, Receiver) is a linear model
  • Interactive modelsThey look at two-way communication.
  • The Osgood-Schramm model, Westley and Maclean model are Interactive models
  • They look at two-way communication where the message gets more complex as the communication event progresses. Transactional models
  • Factors that affect the communication process. Communication Barriers
  • Communication Barriers are obstruction in the flow of information
  • Unclearly, Not understandable language in communication is  the language barriers
  • Noise, distances are Physical Barrier
  • Coleridge: “Philosophy is Science of sciences”
  • Dewey: “Education Philosophy is laboratory in which philosophical distinctions becomes clearer & are tested”
  • Aristotle:“Philosophy is Science that investigates nature of being as it is in itself”
  • Gentile: “Education without philosophy would means failure to understand precise nature of education”
  • Fitch: “Art of education will never completely clear without philosophy”
  • Spencer: “True education is practicable only to true philosophies”
  • Hierarchy wise high isAdministration
  • What to do, when to do, how to do is planning
    • The final step in decision makingis: Selection of best alternative
    • Objectives, standards, procedures and methodsall represent examples of: Programmed decisions
    • ——–are the ends toward which activity inthe organization is  Objectives
    • Examples of non-programmed decisionsare:&nbspBudgets and  Strategies
    • Probably the most familiar non programmeddecision guide is the: Budgets
    • The criteria that every person in a givendepartment must generate 500 units of output per day is a: Standard
    • It is a series of interrelated sequential steps established for the accomplishment oftask: Procedure

100- Idealism focus on rational & logical knowledge, whiles realism on empirical knowledge (sensory observation) and scientific method

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