Psychology

 If you score at the 75th percentile on a standardized test, this means that:

· (a) 75% of those who took the test scored better than you did

· (b) 25% of those who took the test scored less than you did

· (c) 75% of those who took the test scored the same less than you did

· (d) You answered 75% of the questions correctly

302. If a test has good test-retest reliability:

· (a) There is a strong correlation between items on the test

· (b) It accurately measures what it says it measures

· (c) It can be used to predict future performance

· (d) The test yields similar scores if taken at two different times

303. Which of the following is a true statement regarding Francis Galton?

· (a) He took the position that intelligence is largely determined by heredity

· (b) He advocated the development of special programs to tap the intellectual potential of the culturally disadvantaged

· (c) He developed tests that identified those children who were unable to profit from a normal education

· (d) He took the position that intelligence is more a matter of environment than heredity

304. On most modern IQ tests, a score of 115 would be:

· (a) About normal

· (b) About 15% higher than the average of one’s age-mates

· (c) An indication of genius

· (d) One standard deviation above the mean

305. IQ tests have proven to be good predictors of:

· (a) Social intelligence

· (b) Practical problem-solving intelligence

· (c) School performance

· (d) All of the above

306. Mr. and Mrs. Proudparent are beaming because their son, little Newton, has been selected for a gifted children program at school. They think Newton is a genius. What sort of advice do they need to hear?

· (a) Youngsters with a 130-140 IQ tend to be very maladjusted

· (b) Most gifted children do not go on to make genius-level, major contributions to society that earn them eminence

· (c) They should prepare to be famous, based on their parentage of Newton

· (d) They should be warned that gifted children often have deficits in fluid intelligence

307. Which of the following is a true statement about mental retardation?

· (a) Most retarded people are unable to live normal lives due to their mental deficiencies

· (b) With special tutoring, a mentally retarded person can attain average intelligence

· (c) The majority of mentally retarded people are mildly retarded

· (d) Diagnoses of mental retardation are based exclusively on IQ scores

308. Most schools consider children who to be gifted:

· (a) Have IQ scores above 115

· (b) Score in the upper 2%-3% of the IQ distribution

· (c) Have parents in professional careers

· (d) Demonstrate high levels of leadership and creativity

309. In which of the following cases would you expect to find the greatest similarity in IQ?

· (a) Between fraternal twins

· (b) Between non-twin siblings

· (c) Between identical twins

· (d) Between parent and child

310. Evidence indicating that upbringing affects one’s mental ability is provided by which of the following findings?

· (a) That identical twins are more similar in IQ than fraternal twins

· (b) That there is more than a chance similarity between adopted children and their biological parents

· (c) That siblings reared together are more similar in IQ than siblings reared apart

· (d) That identical twins reared apart are more similar in IQ than siblings reared together

311. When you try to narrow down a list of alternatives to arrive at a single correct answer, you are engaged in:

· (a) Convergent thinking

· (b) Creativity

· (c) Divergent thinking

· (d) Insight

312. The stage of prenatal development during which the developing organism is most vulnerable to injury is the:

· (a) Zygotic stage

· (b) Fetal stage

· (c) Germinal stage

· (d) Embryonic stage

313. The cephalocaudal trend in the motor development of children can be described simply as a:

· (a) Head-to-foot direction

· (b) Center-outward direction

· (c) Foot-to-head direction

· (d) Body-appendages direction

315. When the development of the same subjects is studied over a period of time, the study is called a:

· (a) Cross-sectional study

· (b) Longitudinal study

· (c) Life history study

· (d) Sequential study

316. The quality of infant-caregiver attachment depends:

· (a) On the quality of bonding in the first few hours of life

· (b) Exclusively on the infant’s temperament

· (c) On the interaction between the infant’s temperament and the caregiver’s responsiveness

· (d) On how stranger anxiety is handled

317. During the second year of life, toddlers begin to take some personal responsibility for feeding, dressing, and bathing themselves in an attempt to establish what Erikson calls a sense of:

· (a) Superiority

· (b) Generativity

· (c) Industry

· (d) Autonomy

318. Five-year-old David watches as you pour water from a short, wide glass into a tall, narrow one. He says there is now more water than before. This response demonstrates that:

· (a) David understands the concept of conservation

· (b) David does not understand the concept of conservation

· (c) David’s cognitive development is “behind” for his age

· (d) b and c

319. Which of the following is not one of the criticisms of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

· (a) Piaget may have underestimated the cognitive skills of children in some areas

· (b) Piaget may have underestimated the influence of cultural factors on cognitive development

· (c) The theory does not clearly address the issue of individual differences in development

· (d) Evidence for the theory is based on children’s answers to questions

320. If a child’s primary reason for not drawing pictures on the living room wall with crayons is to avoid the punishment that would inevitably follow this behavior, she would be said to be at which level of moral development?

· (a) Conventional

· (b) Preconventional

· (c) Postconventional

· (d) Unconventional

321. The Featured Study on the effects of early family relations on sexual maturation found:

· (a) No association between early family stress and the timing of puberty

· (b) That early family stress was strongly associated with earlier sexual maturation in females

· (c) That early family stress was moderately associated with earlier sexual maturation in females

· (d) No support for the evolutionary hypothesis posited by Belsky

322. Girls who mature ……….and boys who ………..mature seem to have a greater risk for psychological problems and social difficulties:

· (a) Early; early

· (b) Late; early

· (c) Early; late

· (d) Late; late

323. Sixteen-year-old Foster wants to spend a few years experimenting with different lifestyles and careers before he settles on who and what he wants to be. Foster is in the adolescent phase called:

· (a) Moratorium

· (b) Identity achievement

· (c) Foreclosure

· (d) Identity diffusion

324. Which of the following is now a way in which men’s and women’s career development differ?

· (a) For women, there is not a clear path leading to success

· (b) Women are more likely to experience career interruptions

· (c) Many women subordinate their career goals to their husbands

· (d) Because they typically occupy subordinate positions, women are more likely than men to have mentors

325. Males have been found to differ slightly from females in three well-documented areas of mental abilities. Which of the following is not one of these?

· (a) Verbal ability

· (b) Intelligence

· (c) Mathematical ability

· (d) Visual-spatial abilities

326. Freud believed that most personality disturbances are due to:

· (a) The failure of parents to reinforce healthy behavior

· (b) A poor self-concept resulting from excessive parental demands

· (c) Unconscious and unresolved sexual conflicts rooted in childhood experience

· (d) The exposure of children to unhealthy role models

327. According to Alfred Adler, the prime motivating force in a person’s life is:

· (a) Physical gratification

· (b) Existential anxiety

· (c) Striving for superiority

· (d) The need for power

328. Which of the following learning mechanisms does B.F. Skinner see as being the major means by which behavior is learned?

· (a) Classical conditioning

· (b) Operant conditioning

· (c) Observational learning

· (d) Insight learning

329. Always having been a good student, Irving is confident that he will do well in his psychology course. According to Bandura’s social learning theory, Irving would be said to have:

· (a) Strong feelings of self-efficacy

· (b) A sense of superiority

· (c) Strong feelings of self-esteem

· (d) Strong defense mechanisms

330. Which of the following approaches to personality is least deterministic?

· (a) The humanistic approach

· (b) The psychoanalytic approach

· (c) Skinner’s approach

· (d) The behavioral approach

331. Which of the following did Carl Rogers believe fosters a congruent self-concept?

· (a) Conditional love

· (b) Appropriate role models

· (c) Immediate-need gratification

· (d) Unconditional love

332. The strongest support for the theory that personality is heavily influenced by genetics is provided by strong personality similarity between:

· (a) Identical twins reared together

· (b) Identical twins reared apart

· (c) Fraternal twins reared together

· (d) Nontwins reared together

333. Main purpose of guidance is:

· (a) To make student dependent on guidance

· (b) To develop the power of self-guidance

· (c) To guide maladjusted pupils only

· (d) To guide the counselor