Psychology

.In people whose corpus callosums have not been severed, verbal stimuli are identified more quickly and more accurately:

· (a) When sent to the right hemisphere first

· (b) When sent to the left hemisphere first

· (c) When presented to the left visual field

· (d) When presented auditorily rather than visually

270. Hormones are to the endocrine system as neurotransmitters are to the nervous system:

· (a) Nerves

· (b) Synapses

· (c) Neurotransmitters

· (d) Action potentials

271. Jenny has brown hair and blue eyes and is 5’8″ tall. What is being described is Jenny’s:

· (a) Genotype

· (b) Phenotype

· (c) Somatotype

· (d) Physiognomy

272. Adopted children’s similarity to their biological parents is generally attributed to heredity; adopted children’s similarity to their adoptive parents is generally attributed to:

· (a) Heredity; the environment

· (b) The environment; heredity

· (c) The environment; the environment

· (d) Heredity; heredity

273. A spontaneous, heritable change or error in DNA replication is called:

· (a) Genetic drift

· (b) Gene flow

· (c) An adaptation

· (d) A mutation

 274. For which of the following assertions is the empirical evidence strongest?

· (a) The two cerebral hemispheres are specialized to handle different types of cognitive tasks

· (b) People have a separate stream of consciousness in each hemisphere

· (c) Each hemisphere has its own cognitive style

· (d) Some people are right-brained, while others are left-brained

275. After repeated pairings of a tone with meat powder, Pavlov found that a dog will salivate when the tone is presented. Salivation to the tone is a(n):

· (a) Unconditioned stimulus

· (b) Unconditioned response

· (c) Conditioned stimulus

· (d) Conditioned response

276. Sam’s wife always wears the same black nightgown whenever she is “in the mood” for an outing. Sam becomes aroused to go out as soon as he sees his wife in the nightgown. For Sam, the nightgown is a(n):

· (a) Unconditioned stimulus

· (b) Unconditioned response

· (c) Conditioned stimulus

· (d) Conditioned response

277. Watson and Rayner (1920) conditioned “Little Albert” to fear white rats by banging a hammer on a steel bar as he played with a white rat. Later, it was discovered that Albert feared not only white rats but white stuffed toys and Santa’s beard as well. Albert’s fear of these other objects can be attributed to:

· (a) Acquisition

· (b) Stimulus generalization

· (c) Stimulus discrimination

· (d) An overactive imagination

278. The phenomenon of higher-order conditioning shows that:

· (a) Only a genuine, natural UCS can be used to establish a CR

· (b) Auditory stimuli are easier to condition than visual stimuli

· (c) Visual stimuli are easier to condition than auditory stimuli

· (d) An already established CS can be used in the place of a natural UCS

279. Which of the following statements is (are) true?

· (a) Classical conditioning regulates reflexive, involuntary responses exclusively.

· (b) Operant conditioning regulates voluntary responses exclusively.

· (c) The distinction between the two types of conditioning is not absolute, with both types jointly and interactively governing some aspects of behavior.

· (d) a and b

280. In a Skinner box, the dependent variable is:

· (a) The force with which the lever is pressed or the disk is pecked

· (b) The schedule of reinforcement used

· (c) The rate of responding

· (d) The speed of the cumulative recorder

281. A primary reinforcer has ………….. reinforcing properties; a secondary reinforcer has …………… reinforcing properties:

· (a) Biological; acquired

· (b) Conditioned; unconditioned

· (c) Potent; weak

· (d) Immediate; delayed

282. The steady, rapid responding of a person playing a slot machine is an example of the pattern of responding typically generated on a variable-ratio schedule:

· (a) Fixed-ratio

· (b) Variable-ratio

· (c) Fixed-interval

· (d) Variable-interval

283. Positive reinforcement ……….. the rate of responding; negative reinforcement ……….. the rate of responding:

· (a) Increases; decreases

· (b) Decreases; increases

· (c) Increases; increases

· (d) Decreases; decreases

284. According to the two-process theory, a fear response is acquired due to ……….conditioning; it is maintained due to ………. conditioning:

· (a) Classical; operant

· (b) Operant; classical

· (c) Classical; classical

· (d) Operant; operant

285. Breland and Breland described how animals’ innate responses can distort conditioning processes, a phenomenon they called:

· (a) Avoidance learning

· (b) Biopreconditioning

· (c) Counterconditioning

· (d) Instinctive drift

286. According to Rescorla, the strength of a conditioned response depends on:

· (a) The number of trials in which the CS and UCS are paired

· (b) The number of trials in which the CS is presented alone

· (c) The percentage of trials in which the CS and UCS are paired

· (d) The percentage of trials in which the UCS is presented alone

287. Skinner maintained that reinforcement determines the ……… of a response; Bandura maintains that reinforcement determines the ……….. of a response:

· (a) Acquisition; performance

· (b) Acquisition; acquisition

· (c) Performance; performance

· (d) Performance; acquisition

288. The link between physical punishment and subsequent aggressive behavior is probably best explained by:

· (a) Observational learning

· (b) Noncontingent reinforcement

· (c) Resistance to extinction

· (d) The matching law

289. The second step in a self-modification program is to:

· (a) Specify the target behavior

· (b) Design your program

· (c) Gather baseline data

· (d) Set up a behavioral contract

290. Getting information into memory is called encoding; getting information out of memory is called retrieval:

· (a) Storage; retrieval

· (b) Encoding; storage

· (c) Encoding; retrieval

· (d) Storage; encoding

 291. The word “big” is flashed on a screen. A mental picture of the word “big” represents a structural code; the definition “large in size” represents a semantic code; “sounds like pig” represents a phonemic code:

· (a) Structural; phonemic; semantic

· (b) Phonemic; semantic; structural

· (c) Structural; semantic; phonemic

· (d) Phonemic; structural; semantic

292. According to Miller, the capacity of short-term memory is:

· (a) About 50,000 words

· (b) Unlimited

· (c) About 25 stimuli

· (d) About 7 “chunks” of information

293. Which statement best represents current evidence on the durability of long-term storage?

· (a) All forgetting involves breakdowns in retrieval

· (b) LTM is like a barrel of marbles in which none of the marbles ever leak out

· (c) There is no convincing evidence that all one’s memories are stored away permanently

· (d) All long-term memories gradually decay at a constant rate

294. An organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or sequence of events is called a:

· (a) Semantic network

· (b) Conceptual hierarchy

· (c) Schema

· (d) Retrieval cue

295. The 2-year-old child who refers to every four-legged animal as “doggie” is making which of the following errors?

· (a) Underextension

· (b) Overextension

· (c) Overregularization

· (d) Underregularization

296. Research suggests that bilingualism has a negative effect on:

· (a) Language development

· (b) Cognitive development

· (c) Metalinguistic awareness

· (d) None of the above

297. Based on the work with Kanzi, which statement best summarizes the current status of the research on whether chimps can learn language?

· (a) Chimps can acquire the use of symbols but cannot combine them into sentences or learn rules of language

· (b) Chimps are as well suited for learning and using language as humans

· (c) Chimps are incapable even of learning the symbols of a language

· (d) Chimps can learn some genuine language skills, including the use of rules, but the linguistic capacities of humans are far superior

298. Chomsky proposed that children learn a language:

· (a) Because they possess an innate language acquisition device

· (b) Through imitation, reinforcement, and shaping

· (c) As the quality of their thought improves with age

· (d) Because they need to in order to get their increasingly complex needs met

299. The linguistic relativity hypothesis is the notion that:

· (a) One’s language determines the nature of one’s thought

· (b) One’s thought determines the nature of one’s language

· (c) Language and thought are separate and independent processes

· (d) Language and thought interact, with each influencing the other

300. Which of the following does not belong with the others?

· (a) Aptitude tests

· (b) Intelligence tests

· (c) Personality tests

· (d) Achievement tests