Maria established a school in 1907 is called Children House.
Special material used in Montessoriclass, for creating and organizing Intelligence among young leaners (pink tower, broad stairs, red rods etc.) are called Sensorial material
Classroom environment (inside/outside) prepared for leaner by Dr. Maria was Ready/prepared environment
03-hour workcycle for young children was recommended by Maria Montessori
After 03-hour work cycle child start losing interestin learning.
When child seem to lose interest in work, happens near 10:00 am.False fatigue
1stschool for handicapped children was established by Maria Montessori early childhood education
Discovery of Child, Montessori Method, Secret of Childhood, Absorbent Mind are written by Maria Montessori
Montessorifavored 3R’s teaching Writing, Reading, and Arithmetic. (preferred writing before reading)
The Reggio Emilia approach is an educational philosophy and pedagogy focused on preschool and primary
Reggio Emilia approach is a student-centered/constructivist/self-guided curriculum.
The Reggio Emilia model focuses heavily on social collaboration, encouraging children to work in groupsand develop knowledge through communicating with others
The Reggio Emilia approach was founded by Lori Malaguzzi in Reggio Emilia (a city in Northern Italy) in 1945 after WW-2
Reggio Emilia focuses more on collaborative learningwhereas Montessori focuses on independent learning.
Reggio Emilia classrooms are more flexible and open-endedwhereas Montessori areas are more
The Waldorf homeschooling method was popularized by Rudolf Steinerin Europe.
The Waldorf idea is to wait to teach reading until children are around age 7
Waldorf classrooms have a theme of “heart, head, and hands.
Paulo FreireaBrazilian educationist promoted idea of Critical Pedagogy
Students becomecritically conscious about reality and concepts being taught by the teacher by asking questions, evaluating and creativity Critical Pedagogy
There are 3 waysfor critical pedagogyDialogues, Praxis (action), Generating themes.
Problem Posing Method,Banking method, Cultural circle were developed by Freire.
Knowledge is taken to be a gift that is presented to student by teacher, student have no opportunity to question, evaluate or change their lives Banking method
Students and teacher discuss generative themes which are related to nature, culture, work Cultural circle
Two nation theory was founded by Sir Syed Ahmad Khan
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born in Delhion 17 October 1817, died on 27 March 1898
Who started Aligarh movement Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Asarul sanadid, Tabeen al kalam, e. baghwat hind, Aaeen akbri, Tazk e jhangeeri, Tehzeebulakhlaq (Magazine) are written by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan
Syed Ahmed Khan established Orphanagefor Muslim children in Moradabad, Madrasa Murdabad in 1858 and madrasah Ghaziabad in 1862
Sir Syedfounded Scientific society in 1864 for translation of English books into Urdu
Sir Syedfounded Muhammadan educational conference 1886 to bring political wisdom in Muslim, All India Muslim League (AIML) founded in 1906 from this forum.
Promoted western education and religious education among Muslims Sir Syed
Sir Syedfounded MAO (Muhammadan Anglo Oriental) high school in 1875, promoted to MAO College in 1877 and to Ali Garh University in 1920.
Muslim pragmatist, political leader said superstition cannot be part of faith Sir Syed
Sir Syedsaid acquisition of science technology is only solution Muslim problems.
Allama Muhammad Iqbalwas born on 09 Nov1877 in Sialkot and died on 21 April 1938 tomb is in Lahore near Badshahi mosque.
Presented theory of self-realization Iqbal
Demanded separate homeland for Muslims at Alla Abad in1930, Hindus titled him “imaginative dreamer” Iqbal
Iqbal Presented concept of egoor individuality in his book Asrar e Khudi
Asrar-i-Khudi (1915), Rumuz-i-Bekhudi (1918), Payam-i-Mashriq (1923) Zabur-i-Ajam (1927), Javid Nama (1932), Aqwam- e-Sharq (1936) Armaghan-e-Hijaz 1938 are Wriiten by Iqbal in Persian
Armaghan-e-Hijaz1938 is wriiten by Iqbal in Urdu and Persian both
Iqbal presented practical plan for education system of Afghanistanand known as Iqbal-e-Lahore in Iran
Talking and indiscipline in class is indicator of Students boredom.
Tell aggressive students about their behavior’s harmful consequences.
The purpose of textbook assignments is
Can a teacher suspend students
Difference in values of different age group is Generation Gap.
Rote learning is suitable for slow learners.
Teacher who knows students problems and able to resolve them Appreciated
On very first day in class what would you like to do first? introduce myself
Majority of students are week in class what will you do? Keep teaching slow with extra guidance to slow learner
A teacher is not able to get students attention he should evaluate his teaching methods
If some students misbehave Improve their characteristics by your behavior
Back bencher are making noise, Make them sit in front
A teacher should keep his voice in class High
Students are not able to follow you Give more examples.
A student fail in exam it is fault of student.
You are unable to answer a question “ He will answer it later after consultation”
Classroom discipline can be maintained by developing student interest in study
A teacher in the class is a Group leader
Verbal guidance is least effective in teaching the
If noise occure in class teacher should quite for a whilethen go on
Mind itself is result of process of evaluation said by Johan Locke
Philosophy is an intellectual or moral activity according to Johan Locke
An English philosopher who gave a new impetus to realism is:Johan Locke
John Locke theoryis called Tabula Rasa (Latin erased tablet/blank slate)
Children mind is a blank slate experience build their knowledge; school must fill that slate. Tabula Rasa
Structuralism focuses on structure of mindpresented by Wilhelm Wundt & Titchener
Functionalism focuses on function of mindpresented by William James
Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviorpresented by B Watson
Gestalt focuses on whole behaviorpresented by Max Wertheimer
Humanist psychology focuses on human being, free willpresented by Maslow,Rogers
Psychoanalysis focuses on conscious, unconscious, subconscious mind
Psychoanalysis focuses on bringing unconscious mind into conscious
Freud believed that most of behavior are controlled by unconsciousmotives & drives
Freud has major work to solve problem of Mental illness
Freud divided mind into 3 categoriesconscious, unconscious, subconscious mind
According to PsychoanalysisEgo obeys reality principle
In Freud concept Repressed urges that find disguised outlet for expressionare Condensation
Transpersonal psychology focuses on mind & body relationpresented by Carl Jung
Concept of Collective unconscious was given byCarl Jung
Cognitive psychology focuses on mental processing of informationpresented by Ulric Neisser father of Cognitive Psychology
Opened the world’s first psychological lab in Leipzig in 1879, father of experimental psychology wrote book Principles of Physiological Psychology, in 1874. Wundt
Oldest school of Psychology Structuralism
Focus on analysis of the components of consciousness Structuralism
Braking down the mental process into its component parts and investigating each component. Structuralism
Introspection method was used by Structuralism
William James the father of American psychology, functionalism, wrote a book Principles of Psychologyin 1890
TV is better than radio in teaching because it uses both senses(auditory, vision)
Discipline matter should be sent to headmaster when other means get failed.
A students got unconscious provide first aidand contact to nearby doctor.
First important work of teacher in teaching is knowing student backgrounds
Curriculum include formaland informal education.
Dynamic approach to teaching means learning through activities.
If you want to teach a normal child with blind sit the blind in front.
True evaluation of student is possible through continuous evaluation.
