- A Graphic organizer is a visual toolthat helps students organize and structure information in a visual and meaningful way
- A Venn diagramconsists of overlapping circles used to compare and contrast two or more concepts, ideas, or objects. It helps students identify similarities and differences.
- A Mind mapis a hierarchical diagram that branches out from a central idea. It allows students to visually organize and connect related concepts, ideas, and details.
- A flowchart is a diagram that presents a sequence of steps/events. It helps students understand processes and decision-making by visualizing the flow of information
- A KWLchart is divided into three sections: “What I Know,” “What I Want to Know,” and “What I Learned.” It helps students activate prior knowledge, set learning goals, and reflect on what they have learned.
- A Concept mapis a visual representation of relationships between concepts. It uses labeled arrows to show connections and hierarchies, b/w different elements.
- A T-chartdivides information into two columns, allowing students to compare and contrast two opposing ideas, arguments, or viewpoints.
- A Timelineis a linear representation of events in chronological order. It helps students understand the sequence of historical events, story plots, or scientific processes.
- A Tree diagramis a branching structure that represents hierarchical classifications. It is useful for organizing and categorizing information e.g., classification of living organisms
- Serial # 2-9 are examples of Graphic organizer
- It is like a roadmap or preview that helps students understand the main ideas, or steps that will be covered in a lesson or activity, it help students make connections b/w new information and their existing knowledge or experiences. Advance organizer
- It is a tool or framework used in teaching and learning to provide an overview of upcoming content, activate prior knowledge, and provide a structure for organizing new information. Advance organizer
- According to Francis Galton a Polymathis a person who is extremely knowledgeable and successful in a wide range of fields.
- Intentionally reproducing to improve desired traits & remove undesirable traits. Eugenics
- Concept of Polymath and Eugenics are related toFrancis Galton
- People actually (unconsciously) encode aspects of personality into the language they use it is Lexical hypothesis theory
- Who coined the term Nature & NurtureFrancis Galton
- TPACK stands for Technological pedagogical content knowledge
- TPACK model was propounded by Kohler & Mishra in 2006
- TPACK model has 3 components Content, pedagogy, Technology
- TPACK model focuses on how Content, pedagogy, Technology can be used in integrated from
- Which king introduced reading & writing simultaneously Akbar
- Man is forced to learn said by Ibn-e-Khaldun
- He saw the potential of fingerprints as systems of personal identification in criminality Francis Galton
- Synonym of pedagogy is Teaching
- The tendency to link positive/negative qualities of person with his other positive or negative qualities about which information is not available is calledHalo Effect
- Halo Effect was introduced by US psychologist Edward Thorndikein 1920
- Halo Effect is also called Halo error is based on Cognitive biasness
- This is the concept that in most organisation individuals are promoted out of their actual field of competence Peter Principle
- Progressivism means “Made of thought”
- In the SVIB (Strong Vocational Interest Blank), individuals are asked to express their preferences for various groups of items based on their vocational interests.
- Revised name of SVIB is Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory SCII
- SVIB is a psychological assessment tool used to measure individual’s vocational interests and career preferences.it involves preferences in terms of like/dislike/indifferent.
- Students are placed in separate groups (class) based on their perceived academic ability, whole group is separately taught by the teacher Ability grouping
- A most appropriate Graph used for nominal data (nominal scale) Bar graph
- Which other graph can be used for nominal scale Pie Chart
- Bar graph and Pi Chart are also used for Ordinal scale.
- Histogram, line graph, Scatter plot graphs are used for Interval scale
- Histogram, line graph, Scatter plot, and Box & Whisker graphs are used forRatio scale.
- Learning a language is Both Art and Science.
- Curriculum which reflect culture of society is called Reflective curriculum
- Mnemonic Devices/Tools are memory aidsthat help individuals remember information more easily by associating it with something.
- Examples of Mnemonics are Acronym, loci method, acrostics, key word, peg words
- This technique involves associating each item you want to remember with a specific location or place. Method of Loci
- Creating a sentence or phrase in which each word’s first letter represents the first letter of a series of items to remember for example BODMAS is called Acrostics
- It helps to remember and recall a list of items/concepts in a specific order. Each peg word is associated with a number, and the items to be remembered are mentally linked using vivid and memorable mental imagery. “Peg words” or Anchor words
- It refers to the ability to think and reflect on language as an object of studyMetalinguistic awareness
- The concept that there is no inherent limit or fixed number of possible sentences in a language. Speakers can produce an infinite number of grammatically correct expressions by applying the rules and structures of their language. Infinitive Generativity
- The teacher serves as the primary source of information, and students passively receive the information like lecturing in Telling method of teaching
- It involves visually demonstrating or displaying information to students, use of concrete objects visual aids, multimedia presentations, videos, or models to enhance the understanding like demonstration The showing method
- It emphasizes hands-on, experiential learning, where students actively engage in tasks or activities related to the subject. Like activity, project The doing method
- There are two types of Educational Agencies
- Formal Agency (School, College, University) These are active Agencies
- Informal Agency (Family, Mosque, TV) These are Passive Agencies
- A process which blends carrier education goal into existing subject matter of all academic grades is called infusion. Infusion Education:
- : It is nursery education or pre-primary education teaching of children from 3-5 years before starting formal education is called early childhood education. ECE-Education
- ECE-Education is renamed as early childhood care and education (ECCE).
- “Facts, information, or skill acquired by education” Knowledge
- Revealed knowledge:Knowledge that comes from revelation.
- Empirical knowledge: Also called sensory knowledge/Sense perception which is obtained from sensory experience (from 5 senses, seeing 75%, listening 13%, touch 6%, smell 3%, taste 3%). Unintuitive, not innate science is paradigm of knowledge. E.g., touching a hot metal causes burns.
- Rational knowledge: Knowledge that is derived from rationale or reason, intuitive, innate, math is paradigm of knowledge. E.g., 10 – 5 = 5, earth attract objects, decision making, problem solving. (Allama Ibne-khuldon named it as Tabi-ul-Uloom/Aqli uloom)
- Irrational knowledge.Knowledge which is not based on logical reasons or clear thinking. For example Superstitions, unfounded fears. (Ibne-khuldon named it as Uloom-e-Taqleed/Naqli uloom)
- InstinctKnowledge is gain without any efforts
- Substantive: knowledge based on factual information and second
- Syntactical: knowledgerelated to thinking or thought process.
- Derived from Greek wordHeuriskein (meaning self). Coined by Haze & Kenyon in It is study of self-determined learning, learning according to ones’ own needs, preferences and interests from his desired learning resources. Heutagogy
- Teaching and learning via computer, internet and ICT (Information and Communication Technology) is called Cybergogy. Cybergogy
- There are Three Modalitiesof teaching
- In-Face modality involves Physical teaching as in schools, college universities
- Hybrid modalityis blend of physical and online (Blended, virtual, Flipped etc.)
- Online modalityinvolves use of virtual, digital and internet services for teaching and learning(Virtual, MOOCs, LMS, MOODLE)
- The four core learning styleswhich include Visual, Auditory, Reading and writing, and Kinesthetic
- Learning styles are also called Modalities of learning.
- Visual Learnersable to retain information when it’s presented to them in a graphic depiction, such as arrows, charts, diagrams, symbols,
- Auditorylearner; It is also called “aural” learners, auditory learners prefer listening to information that is presented to them vocally
- Reading and writing; focusing on the written word, reading and writing learners succeed with written information and textual resources.
- Kinesthetic Learners; Taking a physically active role, kinesthetic learners are hands-on and thrive when engaging all their senses during course work.
- The theory explaining that different types of learning require different types of teaching is called Theory of conditions of learning (Robert Gagne)
- “The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read or write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearnsaid by Alvin Toffler
- Unlearn means To discard from one’s memory (something learned, especially false or outdated information)
- Relearn means to learn (something) again.
- Blended learning: style of learning where students learn via online media as well as face to face (physical) teaching. It has 4 types
- Flipped learning: students complete reading at their homes (by online guidelines of teacher) and work on problem solving during class time.
- Enrich virtual blended learning: complete learning tasks online and come to school for support from teacher on need basis.
- Flex learning model: provision of previous recorded study material online and teaching and use class time for active learning
- Individual rotational model: students rotate from in person learning to online learning on a schedule or as determined by teacher.
- Online learning/virtual: learning which uses network as a main source, internet-based learning
- Embedded learning: learning combines acquisition of knowledge with vocational skills, simply it is learning with doing a task
- Domains of learning:Cognitive domain, Conative domain (Psychomotor), Affective domain are 03 domains of learning.
- Five dimensions of Learning: Why- What-When-Where- How. These are also called 4W and 1 H of Learning
- Why (objective), What (topic), When (time), Where (classroom), How (method)
- Contemporary learningmaking available the modern gadgets, online resources in class along with physical class student are able to search out their problems by using internet.
- Augmented learningalso known as augmented reality (AR) in education, refers to the integration of digital content and virtual elements into the physical learning environment
- ConnectivisimConnecting classroom with internet sources and making students able to search and find solutions of their problems.
- In ConnectivisimLearner connected to each other by technology & construct learning.
- Adaptive learninga web-based/Software based platform. The software contains all of the important information related to the class and is able to guide the students along in their learning,
- Facilitative learning;Students ask questions, discover answers and apply their knowledge to a real-world problem. Teacher involves learners in learning
- 4As of facilitative learning Activity–Analysis–Abstraction–Application
- Critical pedagogy of Paulo Firer and facilitative learning are similar terms
100- aims of education are acquired through curriculum and aims of curriculum are borrowed from philosophy and society