Educational Research
.31. n a directional hypothesis, the direction expected is based on information from:
· A. Literature
· B. Personal experience
· C. Experience of others
· D. All of these
32. A directional hypothesis is supposed to be riskier because it is:
· A. Biased
· B. Less likely to occur
· C. Straightforward
· D. None
33. A quantitative variable varies in degree but not in:
· A. Amount
· B. Kind
· C. Format
· D. Both B & C
34. Several kinds of variables are studied in educational research, but the most common are:
· A. Extraneous variables
· B. Categorical/quantitative variables
· C. Independent/dependent variables
· D. Dependent variables
35. A moderator variable is a:
· A. Independent variable
· B. Secondary variable
· C. Dependent variable
· D. Selected variable
36. Which research question suggests a relationship?
· A. How many students are enrolled in the chemistry class?
· B. As the reading level of a passage increases, does the number of student errors in pronouncing words in the passage increase?
· C. What does the faculty dislike about the new English curriculum?
· D. Who is the brightest student in the senior class?
37. “A few cases seemed quite different from the rest, so we deleted them.” This statement shows the researcher’s:
· A. Bias
· B. Unethical practice
· C. Need of study
· D. Deception
38. There are a number of ethical principles that all researchers should be aware of and apply to their:
· A. Observation
· B. Investigation
· C. Research
· D. Study
39. The term refers to intentionally misinforming the subject of study about some or all aspects of the research topic:
· A. Ethics
· B. Deception
· C. Immoral practice
· D. None
40. Articles, monographs, books, and other documents that deal with the research question come under:
· A. Primary sources
· B. Secondary sources
· C. Abstracts
· D. General reference
41. The most common secondary sources in education are:
· A. Journals
· B. Monographs
· C. Articles
· D. Textbooks
42. Many important research findings are first published as:
· A. Reports
· B. Articles
· C. Papers
· D. Theses
43. In a research study, during sampling, all 700 students at Punjab University who are majoring in Biology will be considered as:
· A. Sample
· B. Population
· C. Group of interest
· D. Subject
44. The group of interest to the researcher, to whom the researcher would like to generalize the results of the study, is called the:
· A. Sample
· B. Population
· C. Target population
· D. None
45. Bilateral Transfer
Which population is rarely available?
· A. Actual population
· B. Accessible population
· C. Target population
· D. Both A & C
46. If the distribution of the population is equal to the distribution of the sample, then the sample will be:
· A. More representative
· B. Less representative
· C. Constant
· D. Both A & C
47. The president of Punjab University wants to know how junior faculty feel about the promotion policy. He selected a specific number of samples out of 1000 faculty members. This type of sampling technique is called:
· A. Simple random sampling
· B. Random sampling
· C. Non-random sampling
· D. None
48. Sometimes, for example, if a list of all members of the population of interest is not available, then research should apply:
· A. Simple random sampling
· B. Cluster random sampling
· C. Systematic sampling
· D. Stratified random sampling
49. In systematic sampling, every nth individual in the population list is selected for inclusion in the sample:
· A. Two-stage random sampling
· B. Systematic sampling
· C. Cluster sampling
· D. Stratified random sampling
50. The selection of groups of subjects rather than individuals is known as:
· A. Two-stage random sampling
· B. Systematic sampling
· C. Cluster sampling
· D. Stratified random sampling
51. Many times it is extremely difficult to select either a random or systematic non-random sample. At such times, researchers may use:
· A. Convenience sampling
· B. Purpose sampling
· C. Cluster sampling
· D. Both A & B
52. A high school counselor interviews every student who comes to him for counseling about their career plans. This is an example of:
· A. Convenience sampling
· B. Purpose sampling
· C. Cluster sampling
· D. Both A & B
53. In general, convenience samples cannot be considered representative of any population and should be avoided if at all possible:
· A. Convenience
· B. Purposive
· C. Stratified
· D. None
54. Purposive sampling is different from convenience sampling in that researchers use their judgment to select a sample:
· A. Observation
· B. Hypothesis
· C. Prior information
· D. Judgment
55. All are types of non-random sampling techniques except:
· A. Convenience sampling
· B. Purpose sampling
· C. Cluster sampling
· D. Snow-Ball sampling
56. For correlational studies, a sample of at least __ seemed necessary to establish the existence of a relationship:
· A. 50
· B. 100
· C. 30
· D. 15
57. Sometimes studies with only 15 individuals in each group can be definitive if they are very tightly controlled:
· A. Descriptive
· B. Correlational
· C. Casual
· D. Experimental
58. The whole notion of science is built on the idea of:
· A. Generalizing
· B. Validity
· C. Reliability
· D. None
60. This refers to the degree to which a sample represents the population of interest:
· A. Generalizability
· B. Population generalizability
· C. Reliability
D. Validity