- Inductive Method was given byFrances Bacon.
- It begins with specific details, concrete data and examples and ends with generalization rule, or principle. Inductive Method
- It is less teacher centered and more learner centered Inductive Method
- The teacher presents students with many examples showing how the concept is used
- Students use observation to build general principle. Inductive Method
- It is also called induction, inductive reasoning, inductive thinking. Inductive Method
- It is “Specific to general” or “Observation to theory” Inductive Method
- “Examples to rules” or “Bottom-up approach” Inductive Method
- “concrete to abstract” or “minor to major premise” Inductive Method
- Steps in Inductive Method are Observation à Pattern à Hypothesis à Theory
- Deliberations: when students are asked to support one point of view on topic, then take and support opposing point of view and then write position paper.
- Facilitative Questioningteacher poses open-ended question to the student allow them to explore complex or emotionally difficult ideas
- Questions are best ways to attract students’ attention.
- When students are not asking questions during teaching it means they are not understandingor not attentive in class
- When students are asking questions, it means they are attractive and attentive
- Story telling method of teaching was presented byPlato
- Plato said “Story telling is main tool for formation of student’s character
- Information Processing Theory of Miller information involves 03 steps
- EncodingGathering and representing information
- Holding information or memorizing for longer duration.
- Retrieval Getting at the information when necessary
- Chunking(given by Miller): {is a memorization technique}
- Process of taking in smaller pieces of information grouping them into bigger units Chunking
- A person can remember 7 (5-9 chunks with plus or minus 02) chunks of information Miller
- Maximum, or all the students participate by responding or presenting views on one topic this technique encourages new ideas among students.Brainstorming
- Thinking of all possible solution to a problem is Brainstorming
- A process to obtain the maximum number of ideas/new ideas relating to a specific area of interest. Brainstorming
- The ideas of students are accepted without criticism or judgment and is then summarized on a white board by the teacher. Brainstorming
- Brainstorming ideas are examined, usually in an open class discussion format.
- Carrousel Brainstorming: When the subtopics or questions about a topic are posted throughout the room. Student groups brainstorm as they visit each of the subtopics.
- Negative Brainstorming: The type of brainstorming in which students propose things not to do or ideas that are not examples
- Affinity Diagram: It is the organized output from a brainstorming session created in the 1960s by kawaka Jiro and is also known as the KJ method.
- Fish Bone: It is an organizing tool to help students visualize that how many events can be tied to an event or contribute to result
- Field trip/school tripare also called excursions
- A journey by teacher & students outside from their classroom in filed, historical places etc., where students got experiences & ideas that cannot be given in a classroom environment is called Field Trips
- It provide first-hand information, supplement class instructions and verify previous information Field Trips
- Elicitationmeans draw out. It is also called stimulant. It is a term which describes a range of techniques
- Teacher get learners to provide information rather than giving it to them. Learner is able to link previous knowledge with new one e.g., Questioning, braining stormingElicitation
- Problem-solving tasks that are designed for developing mathematical or scientific models to solve complex, real-world problems. Model-eliciting activities MEA
- Mind Mapwas given by Tony Buzan
- A mind mapinvolves writing down a central theme and thinking of new and related ideas which radiate out from the center.
- A mind map is a diagram that is used to visually outline information. Mind map
- When a teacher provides instruction to the entire class at one time for an extended period of time more than 10 minutes {usually 30 to 40/45 minutes} Macro-Teaching
- Method where practice/repetition is made multiple time for memorization or grasping a concept Drill Method
- Language, mathematics, music, art and in athletic programs are learnt by Drill Method
- A machine learning based onprinciple of operant condition Programmed instructions
- The teaching strategy classified under autocratic style is Programmed Instruction.
- Program learningis a sequence of instructional material most of which requires a repose to be made by completing a blank space in sentence (Leith)
- In programmed learning, learning takes place under Controlled Condition
- Father of programmed learningF. Skinner
- Programmed learning is brainchild of Behaviorism
- Methods ofProgrammed learning are Two
- F. Skinner presentedLinear Programs where learner write answer.
- Learner starts from initial behavior to terminal behavior following a straight line, student proceeds from one frame to the next until he completes the program. Linear Programs
- Contents are broken down into pieces of instructions called frames
- Norman Crowder presentedBranched/Intrinsic programs learner choose from options
- Instructor includes MCQ test questions within the text & provides feedback for each of the incorrect alternative options when a student chooses them. Branched program
- Principles f Branching Program are3
- Principle of exposition. The whole concept is presented to the students
- Principle of diagnosis. Here the weakness of the learner is identified
- Principle of remediation. Learner has to move to a wrong page where a remedial instruction is provided.
- Types/modes of CAI are 6
- Tutorial: It includes both the presentation of information and its extension into different forms of work, including drill and practice, games, and simulation.
- Drill-and-practice: It provide opportunities for students to repeatedly practice the skills that have previously been presented and that further practice is necessary for mastery.
- Simulation: Simulation software can provide an approximation of reality that does not require the expense of real life or its risks.
- Games: Game software often creates a contest to achieve the highest score and either beat others or beat the computer.
- Discovery: Provides a large database of information specific to a course and challenges the learner to analyze, compare, infer and evaluate based on their explorations of the data
- Problem solving: This approach helps children develop specific problem-solving skills and strategies.
- Teaching technique implied for teacher training is Micro Teaching.
- Time period for micro teaching is 5 To 10 Minutes, Phases of microteaching are
- Micro teaching through technique is also called as Classical Micro Teaching.
- Micro teaching is a: Teaching training technique.
- What is the time of presentation in Micro teaching? 5-10 minutes.
- What is the No of students in micro teaching? 5-10 Students.
- Micro teaching started in: 1960 by Dwight W. Allen in Stanford University USA
- Micro teaching focuses on the competency over: Skills
- Micro teaching was explored through experimental research.
- Micro-teaching is scaled down teaching encounter in class size & class time. W Allen
- Wragge has suggested how many numbers of students in a micro teaching class? 5 to10
- Condition necessary for micro teaching is Controlled environment, Repeated manifestation of only one skill, Observation and criticismAll
- In which university the micro- teaching system started in 1961? Stanford University
- Micro-teaching can control the practice by feedback
- Which technique of teaching was also developed by Achesona doctoral candidate at Stanford University Microteaching?
- Micro Teaching Cycle consists of 6 stepsand 36 minutes
- Planning, Teaching-6 minutes, Feedback-6 minutes, Re-planning-12 minutes, Re-teaching-6 minutes, Re-feedback-6 minutes Micro Teaching Cycle
- Play-way method was given byHenry Caldwell Cook and Rousseau was strongest exponent of this method
- Interactive whiteboardis also known as collaborative whiteboard software is a digital version of traditional whiteboards
- E learninga learning system based on formalized teaching but with the help of electronic resources, (tools, and device like computer, mobile etc., and internet)
- E-pedagogy Instructions are designed, presented and evaluated using electronic and digital (internet) resources.
- Massive open online course(MOOC) is a free web-based distance learning program that is designed for large numbers of geographically dispersed students
- MOODLE Modular Object-Oriented Dynamic Learning Environment
- Online learning: Internet based necessarily involve both teacher and student in online platform. There is no interaction of teacher & students
- Virtual learningClass timing, curriculum, assessment, and certification happen online under guidance of teacher. There is interaction between teacher & students
- “The process whereby knowledge is created through the transformation of experience” Experiential learning Theorygiven by American, David Kolb in 1984
- Kolb’s entire theory is based on this idea of convertingexperience into knowledge
- The experiential learning cycleof Kolb is a four-step learning process that is applied multiple times in every interaction and experience: Experience – Reflect – Think – Act.
- The Kolb Experiential Learning Profile(KELP) describes 09 different learning styles.
- “Exposition and Illustration in Teaching”is an actually a book written by john Adams, it is also a teaching method.
- Expositionis comprehensive description and explanation of idea or an exhibition of a topic at larger level.
100.Illustration means “making ideas clearer by giving examples and using visuals like diagrams or pictures”.