February 2025

• A Graphic organizer is a visual toolthat helps students organize and structure information in a visual and meaningful way
• A Venn diagramconsists of overlapping circles used to compare and contrast two or more concepts, ideas, or objects. It helps students identify similarities and differences.
• A Mind mapis a hierarchical diagram that branches out from a central idea. It allows students to visually organize and connect related concepts, ideas, and details.
• A flowchart is a diagram that presents a sequence of steps/events. It helps students understand processes and decision-making by visualizing the flow of information
• A KWLchart is divided into three sections: “What I Know,” “What I Want to Know,” and “What I Learned.” It helps students activate prior knowledge, set learning goals, and reflect on what they have learned.
• A Concept mapis a visual representation of relationships between concepts. It uses labeled arrows to show connections and hierarchies, b/w different elements.
• A T-chartdivides information into two columns, allowing students to compare and contrast two opposing ideas, arguments, or viewpoints.
• A Timelineis a linear representation of events in chronological order. It helps students understand the sequence of historical events, story plots, or scientific processes.
• A Tree diagramis a branching structure that represents hierarchical classifications. It is useful for organizing and categorizing information e.g., classification of living organisms
• Serial # 2-9 are examples of Graphic organizer
• It is like a roadmap or preview that helps students understand the main ideas, or steps that will be covered in a lesson or activity, it help students make connections b/w new information and their existing knowledge or experiences. Advance organizer
• It is a tool or framework used in teaching and learning to provide an overview of upcoming content, activate prior knowledge, and provide a structure for organizing new information. Advance organizer
• According to Francis Galton a Polymathis a person who is extremely knowledgeable and successful in a wide range of fields.
• Intentionally reproducing to improve desired traits & remove undesirable traits. Eugenics
• Concept of Polymath and Eugenics are related toFrancis Galton
• People actually (unconsciously) encode aspects of personality into the language they use it is Lexical hypothesis theory
• Who coined the term Nature & NurtureFrancis Galton
• TPACK stands for Technological pedagogical content knowledge
• TPACK model was propounded by Kohler & Mishra in 2006
• TPACK model has 3 components Content, pedagogy, Technology
• TPACK model focuses on how Content, pedagogy, Technology can be used in integrated from
• Which king introduced reading & writing simultaneously Akbar
• Man is forced to learn said by Ibn-e-Khaldun
• He saw the potential of fingerprints as systems of personal identification in criminality Francis Galton
• Synonym of pedagogy is Teaching
• The tendency to link positive/negative qualities of person with his other positive or negative qualities about which information is not available is calledHalo Effect
• Halo Effect was introduced by US psychologist Edward Thorndikein 1920
• Halo Effect is also called Halo error is based on  Cognitive biasness
• This is the concept that in most organisation individuals are promoted out of their actual field of competence Peter Principle
• Progressivism means “Made of thought”
• In the SVIB (Strong Vocational Interest Blank), individuals are asked to express their preferences for various groups of items based on their vocational interests.
• Revised name of SVIB is Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory SCII
• SVIB is a psychological assessment tool used to measure individual’s vocational interests and career preferences.it involves preferences in terms of like/dislike/indifferent.
• Students are placed in separate groups (class) based on their perceived academic ability, whole group is  separately taught by the teacher Ability grouping
• A most appropriate Graph used for nominal data (nominal scale) Bar graph
• Which other graph can be used for  nominal scale Pie Chart
• Bar graph and Pi Chart are also used for Ordinal scale.
• Histogram, line graph, Scatter plot graphs are used for Interval scale
• Histogram, line graph, Scatter plot, and Box & Whisker graphs are used forRatio scale.
• Learning a language is Both Art and Science.
• Curriculum which reflect culture of society is called Reflective curriculum
• Mnemonic Devices/Tools are memory aidsthat help individuals remember information more easily by associating it with something.
• Examples of Mnemonics are Acronym, loci method, acrostics, key word, peg words
• This technique involves associating each item you want to remember with a specific location or place. Method of Loci
• Creating a sentence or phrase in which each word’s first letter represents the first letter of a series of items to remember for example BODMAS is called Acrostics
• It helps to remember and recall a list of items/concepts in a specific order. Each peg word is associated with a number, and the items to be remembered are mentally linked using vivid and memorable mental imagery. “Peg words” or Anchor words
• It refers to the ability to think and reflect on language as an object of studyMetalinguistic awareness
• The concept that there is no inherent limit or fixed number of possible sentences in a language. Speakers can produce an infinite number of grammatically correct expressions by applying the rules and structures of their language. Infinitive Generativity
• The teacher serves as the primary source of information, and students passively receive the information like lecturing in Telling method of teaching
• It involves visually demonstrating or displaying information to students, use of concrete objects visual aids, multimedia presentations, videos, or models to enhance the understanding  like demonstration The showing method
• It emphasizes hands-on, experiential learning, where students actively engage in tasks or activities related to the subject. Like activity, project The doing method
• There are two types of Educational Agencies
• Formal Agency (School, College, University) These are active Agencies
• Informal Agency (Family, Mosque, TV) These are Passive Agencies
• A process which blends carrier education goal into existing subject matter of all academic grades is called infusion. Infusion Education:
• : It is nursery education or pre-primary education teaching of children from 3-5 years before starting formal education is called early childhood education. ECE-Education
• ECE-Education is renamed as early childhood care and education (ECCE).
• “Facts, information, or skill acquired by education” Knowledge
• Revealed knowledge:Knowledge that comes from revelation.
• Empirical knowledge: Also called sensory knowledge/Sense perception which is obtained from sensory experience (from 5 senses, seeing 75%, listening 13%, touch 6%, smell 3%, taste 3%). Unintuitive, not innate science is paradigm of knowledge. E.g., touching a hot metal causes burns.
• Rational knowledge: Knowledge that is derived from rationale or reason, intuitive, innate, math is paradigm of knowledge. E.g., 10 – 5 = 5, earth attract objects, decision making, problem solving. (Allama Ibne-khuldon named it as Tabi-ul-Uloom/Aqli uloom)
• Irrational knowledge.Knowledge which is not based on logical reasons or clear thinking. For example Superstitions, unfounded fears. (Ibne-khuldon named it as Uloom-e-Taqleed/Naqli uloom)
• InstinctKnowledge is gain without any efforts
• Substantive: knowledge based on factual information and second
• Syntactical: knowledgerelated to thinking or thought process.
• Derived from Greek wordHeuriskein (meaning self). Coined by Haze & Kenyon in It is study of self-determined learning, learning according to ones’ own needs, preferences and interests from his desired learning resources. Heutagogy 
• Teaching and learning via computer, internet and ICT (Information and Communication Technology) is called Cybergogy. Cybergogy
• There are Three Modalitiesof teaching
• In-Face  modality involves Physical teaching as in schools, college universities
• Hybrid modalityis blend of physical and online (Blended, virtual, Flipped etc.)
• Online modalityinvolves use of virtual, digital and internet services for teaching and learning(Virtual, MOOCs, LMS, MOODLE)
• The four core learning styleswhich include Visual, Auditory, Reading and writing, and Kinesthetic
• Learning styles are also called Modalities of learning.
  • Visual Learnersable to retain information when it’s presented to them in a graphic depiction, such as arrows, charts, diagrams, symbols, 
  • Auditorylearner; It is also called “aural” learners, auditory learners prefer listening to information that is presented to them vocally
  • Reading and writing; focusing on the written word, reading and writing learners succeed with written information and textual resources.
  • Kinesthetic Learners; Taking a physically active role, kinesthetic learners are hands-on and thrive when engaging all their senses during course work.
• The theory explaining that different types of learning require different types of teaching is called Theory of conditions of learning (Robert Gagne)
• “The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read or write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearnsaid by Alvin Toffler
• Unlearn means To discard from one’s memory (something learned, especially false or outdated information)
• Relearn means to learn (something) again.
• Blended learning: style of learning where students learn via online media as well as face to face (physical) teaching. It has 4 types
• Flipped learning: students complete reading at their homes (by online guidelines of teacher) and work on problem solving during class time.
• Enrich virtual blended learning:  complete learning tasks online and come to school for support from teacher on need basis.
• Flex learning model: provision of previous recorded study material online and teaching and use class time for active learning
• Individual rotational model: students rotate from in person learning to online learning on a schedule or as determined by teacher.
• Online learning/virtual:  learning which uses network as a main source, internet-based learning
• Embedded learning: learning combines acquisition of knowledge with vocational skills, simply it is learning with doing a task
• Domains of learning:Cognitive domain, Conative domain (Psychomotor), Affective domain are 03 domains of learning.
• Five dimensions of Learning: Why- What-When-Where- How. These are also called 4W and 1 H of Learning
• Why (objective), What (topic), When (time), Where (classroom), How (method)
• Contemporary learningmaking available the modern gadgets, online resources in class along with physical class student are able to search out their problems by using internet.
• Augmented learningalso known as augmented reality (AR) in education, refers to the integration of digital content and virtual elements into the physical learning environment
• ConnectivisimConnecting classroom with internet sources and making students able to search and find solutions of their problems.
• In ConnectivisimLearner connected to each other by technology & construct learning.
• Adaptive learninga web-based/Software based platform. The software contains all of the important information related to the class and is able to guide the students along in their learning,
• Facilitative learning;Students ask questions, discover answers and apply their knowledge to a real-world problem. Teacher involves learners in learning
• 4As of facilitative learning Activity–Analysis–Abstraction–Application
• Critical pedagogy of Paulo Firer and facilitative learning are similar terms

100- aims of education are acquired through curriculum and aims of curriculum are borrowed from philosophy and society

• Literacy Rate of Pakistan is 8%(male 73.4% female 51.9% & rural 54%, urban 77%) 
• Literacy Rate of Punjab is 3%,Sindh 61.8% KPK 55.1 %, Baluchistan 54.5% 
• Gross enrollment rate(GER) (at primary level): Pakistan 84% (Punjab 92%, Sindh 71% KPK 85%, Baluchistan 72%)
• Net enrollment rate(NER) (at primary level) Pakistan 64% (Punjab 70%, Sindh 55% KPK 66%, Baluchistan 56% 
• Drop-out rate(at primary level) Pakistan 20% (Punjab 22%, Sindh 16% KPK 19%, Baluchistan 16%)
• Gross domestic product GDP-on education: In Fiscal year 2020-21 stood at 77%percent of GDP as compared to 2.3 % of GDP in FY-2019
• Most literate province of Pakistan is Punjab 3%, & least is Baluchistan 54.5% 
• Pakistan is ranked 161thout of 192 countries with the human development index (HDI)

(Note this data is according to National Economic Survey Report 2022 for current data please read latest National Economic Survey Report/Census report)

• Literacy rate of Pakistan in 1947 (15%), 1951 (4%), 1961 (16.3%), 1972 (21%), 1981(26%), 1998 (43%), 2004 (54%), 2009 (57%), 2017 (58%), 2022 Current (62.8%)
• Pakistan has the second-lowestliteracy rate in South Asia after Afghanistan
• Highest literate city of Pakistan Islamabadwith 84 percent leads all districts
• Dropout at elementary level is almost 50%
• First Center of education for a child is Home
• 42% children attend private schools
• The distribution curve of a normal distributionis called a normal curve. Bell shaped
• In a normal distribution the Mean iszero and the Standard deviation is 1.
• In a normal distribution of raw score what is Z-score for 50th percentile 0 (zero)
• Which 02 theorist probably have agreed with each other theories Dewey & Vygotsky
• According to Dewey teacher should bePartner in learning
• Problem task based on highly visual motivating scenario is Anchored instructions
• Teaching by student to his/her classmate is called Peer Tutoring
• The students like to spend the most of the time with Peers
• Punjab Danish schools and centers of excellence authority act passed in 2010
• Assessment made by a classmate is calledPeer Assessment
• Feedback provided by the classmate on assessment isPeer Review
• Peer instructions, peer teaching, Peeragogy are other names ofPeer Tutoring
• A normal child of twelve years of age is most likely to Be eager for peer approval
• Student tutor by another student of same age is Peer Tutoring
• Student of same age take turn as tutor and tutee Reciprocal Peer Tutoring
• Younger student tutored by older student is Cross Age Tutoring
• One on one approach to teaching or re-teaching concepts is termed as Tutoring
• “Teaching is a form interpersonal influence aimed at the changing the behavior potential of another” said by L Gage, Father of research on teaching N.L. Gage
• Cognitive Teaching theory was presented byL. Gage
• Cognitive Learning theory (also called discovery learning or information processing theory) and was presented byJerome Bruner.
• Theory of self-rewarding learning was given byJerome Bruner
• Cognitive Development theory was presented byJean Piaget
• Cognitive Domain of educational objectives in Bloom taxonomy was given byBloom
• Cognitive activity in the form of thoughts, judgments, evaluations are necessary for an emotion to occur. It is Cognitive Theory/Lazarus Theoryof emotion. 
• The word “Danish” originates fromPersian language, means deep rooted wisdom,
• 1^stDanish school established in Hasilpur Bahawalpur in 2010 
• Last Danish established in Mailsi in 2019
• Danish school system was introduced by CM Punjab Shahbaz Sharif.
• At present, 16 Danish schools(8 girls & 8 boys) are fully operational
• 4 Danishschools are under construction
• Danish schools are under control of BISE Lahore.
• SSB (Social security benefits) given to contract employeein lieu of pension @30%
• Student diaries are maintained for Homework, Guidance means to showpath/to direct.
• Peer culture constitutes Socialization     
• Socrates was born in 469BC and died in 399 BC in Greece
• Plato was born in 427died in 347 BC in Greece
• Aristotle was born in 384and died in 322 BC in Greece
• Independent variable is also called Antecedentcause, stimulus, treatment, experimental, and predictive variable.
• Dependent variable is also calledeffect, response, outcome, precedent & behavioral variables.
• It divide data into two parts Median, It divide data into four parts, Quartile
• It divide data into ten parts Decile, and It divide data into 100 parts
• The book Republic was written by
• Learning in mother tongue increase studentscomprehension
• Placement assessment is done before instructionor start of instruction
• Placement assessment is done to measure mastery in a subject or to place students in a Class/grade it measure students’ performance in the beginning of course or session
• Diagnostic assessment is done before instructionto identify the problem of students
• Formative assessment is done during assessmentto monitor learning progress
• Summative assessment is done after instruction to measure Learning achievement
• Benchmark assessment assess students’ performance after completion ofunit or chapter or section (i.e., After a grading period)
• Continuous assessment is done at regular interval after everyday/week/month etc.
• Summative evaluation is bottom line evaluation, Judgement is certifiedin it.
• Feedback is an important component of formative assessment
• Placement assessment require students evaluation that determine the studentpre requisite  skills to begin instruction
• Students take Arithmetic test on first day of class is Placement Assessment
• Students are given test item & teacher is observing their progress Formative assessment
• Most of our classroom assessment areFormative assessments
• Student are solving Arithmetic test teacher is observing their problems in solving the tests is Diagnostic Assessment
• How the forms are apprehended according to Plato by reason
• How the forms are apprehended according to Aristotle by Empiricism(senses)
• There are 5 basic teaching stylesof a teacher Formal authority, facilitator, collaborator, delegator and demonstrator.
• In lecture teacher act as Formal Authority, in activities teacher acts as
• In demonstration teacher acts as Demonstrator, and in project acts as
• In Cooperative learning teacher acts as a
• Classroom management styles are 04(Authoritarian-Authoritative-Permissive-Indulgent)
• 04 Classroom management styles were developed by Diana Baumrindin 1966 in California University
• Firm control of teacher, no participation/ interruption from students, quite classroom, no opportunity for learning & practice of communication skills. Authoritarian
• Rule oriented, teacher does not tolerate inappropriate behavior Punishment direct instructions, no opportunities for cooperation or activities. Authoritarian
• Teacher impose rules strictly but also allow students to ask questions, involve in learning, and give value to student’s inputs, participation and collaborations Authoritative
• Complete opposite to authoritarian style is Permissive Style
• Teachers do not establish rules and do not punish for false, Teacher has lost his passion for teaching, a lot of freedom, and few demands from students, and classroom is noisy, indiscipline, lack of involvement of teacher. Permissive Style
• It evokes creativity among learners Permissive Style
• No demands from students, but students are actively supported by the teacher in learning according to choose of students. Indulgent
• No fixed rules but teacher engage class in activities, teacher think that strict classroom environment hinders in students learning. Indulgent
• Child centered style which emphasize on the creativity of the learner and developed all aspects of behaviour is Permissive Style.
• A content centered style of teaching teacher is active and student interest and abilities are not cared is Autocratic Style.
• The teaching strategy classified under permissive style is Role Playing.
• Curriculum organization which uses different concept at same level is Horizontal
• Curriculum organization which uses different concept at different level is Vertical
• Integration of subject within a particular field of knowledge Intra-Disciplinary
• Integration of subjects from different field of knowledge into a new curriculum Inter-Disciplinary
• Educational psychology is also called psycho-pedagogy
• It is philosophy which gives direction to education.
• Systematic study of society and its groups is called
• Aim of education are achieved through curriculum
• There are 04 foundationsof education Philosophy, psychology, sociology, history

100- There are 04 Components of education Objective, curriculum, pedagogy, evaluation

1. 8 Septemberis celebrated as International literacy day
2. 5 Octoberis celebrated as International Teachers’ day
3. International education day is celebratedon 24 January.
4. First education minister of Pakistan was Fazal ul Rehman from 1947 to 1951
5. Inductive method involves Divergent ThinkingDeductive method involves Convergent Thinking
6. SDGs Stands forSustainable Development Goals
7. Sustainable Development GoalSDG-04 is related to
8. There are total 17 SDGswith 169 Targets to be met by
9. SDGs were developed in 2015by 193 nations including Pakistan by replacing MDGs
10. In 2000 total 08 MDGswere developed by 164 nations
11. MDG 02( “Achieve universal primary education-UPE”)was related to Education
12. Target of MDGs was set to be met by
13. 08 MDGs were replaced in 2015 by 17 SDGs.
14. Target of 17 SDGswas set to be met by 2030.
15. Pakistan has committed to achieve 100% Literacy rateby 2030 under SDG-4
16. UNESCO stands for United Nation Education, Science and Cultural Organization.
17. “Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all”. SDG-04
18. Tutoring involves one teacher and one student
19. Teaching involves one (or more) teacher and group of students
20. Pakistan is world 2^ndlargest country after Nigeria with more than 20 million out of school children according to report presented on 24 January 2022.
21. Process model of curriculum is Learner centered(g., Taba model)
22. Product model of curriculum is Teacher centered(e.g., Taylor Model)
23. One system of education for all, in terms of curriculum, medium of instruction and a common platform of assessment SNC 2020
24. Phases in Single National Curriculum (SNC) are03
25. In SNC Math and Science subjects are aligned withTIMSS
26. Medium of instruction in SNC isEnglish
27. The first single national curriculum is not innational language.
28. TIMSS stands forTrends in international mathematics & science study
29. Played key role in SNC development National curriculum council (NCC)
30. NCC was established in2014 it is 46 member body, its head is federal education minister
31. IPEMC stands forInter Provincial Education Ministerial Conference
32. Policy (NEP) 2009 assigns IPEMC the role to oversee educational developmentincluding monitoring and review of the national education policy.
33. NCC was established under
34. Development of 21st century skills were focused in SNC 2020
35. Analysis of Pakistani curriculum with Singapore,Cambridge curriculum was made SNC
36. Pakistan learners’ standards compared with Singapore, Malaysia/Indonesia, & UK standards. In SNC 2020
37. Consultation was made with Cambridge university UK for English, math’s and science, LUMS and AKU-IED in SNC 2020
38. NCF stands forNational Curriculum Framework
39. NCF is a policy documentwhich provides guidelines for achieving national vision, mission, goals, and objectives of education through school curricula.
40. NCF was approved by the NCC in its 8th meeting held on 25th July 2017.
41. Phase 01 (Target date to be implemented March 2021) (ECE to 5^th) (Implemented in August 2021)
42. Phase 02 (To be implemented March 2022) (6^thto 8^th) (Implemented in April 2023) 
43. Phase 03 (Target date to be implemented March 2023) (9^thto 12^th) (under process)
44. The combination of different subjects in a short/pressed form. Integrated curriculum
45. Important content which is covered across the subject rather than taught in one particular subject Cross Cutting Themes
46. Hidden Curriculum (anImplicit curriculum) Unwritten social rules & expectations of behavior that we all seen to know but were never taught  said by Bibber
47. Null-Curriculum (an Excluded Curriculum)given by Elliot Eisner 1979 Curriculum is that which is not taught.
48. Curriculum designed to teach important skills which are necessary for learning & working independently to learner with cognitive impairments Functional Curriculum
49. Curriculum designed for learners having sever cognitive impairments which describe their developmental level Developmental Curriculum
50. Curriculum which consider diverse need, interest, experience & personal characteristics of all individuals Inclusive Curriculum
51. A planned written, published and presented to leaners by teachers is explicit curriculum.
52. Books are explicit curriculum.(Explicit curriculum is generally formal curriculum)
53. An unplanned unwritten and unpublished curriculum, crafted in thinking process of learners is implicit curriculum(it is generally informal curriculum)
54. A curriculum where key concepts are presented repeatedly throughout the curriculum, but with increasing level of complexity (given by Jerome Bruner-1966). Spiral Curriculum
55. A curriculum which focus on what learners are expected to do rather than able to learn. Competency Based Curriculum:
56. Actual teaching and learning activities taking place in schools Implemented Curriculum
57. Indicates the knowledge, understanding, skills and attitudes that learners actually acquire as a result of teaching and learning, Intended Curriculum
58. Experienced organized by the school for learner’s educational institute & teacher are implementer of curriculum.School Curriculum
59. Textbook is an example of supported curriculum
60. Presented by experts and learned people  RecommendedCurriculum
61. Are all major aspects of the content area should be covered by the test items or content is appropriate according to objectives of study. Content Validity
62. The bases of content validity is relation betweenobjectives & Item (content)
63. Test produce same results as produced by another standardized test Criterion Validity
64. Predictive Validity and Concurrent Validity are two types ofCriterion Validity
65. Extent to which a test can predict the future performance of the students. Predictive Validity
66. Test produce similar results with previously held valid test.Concurrent Validity
67. Extent to which a test reflects to measure of a hypothesized trait, Constructive Validity
68. It is checked what should exist in test theoretically. Constructive Validity
69. Does test measure the construct that is intended to measure? (It is established through logical analysis) Constructive Validity
70. Convergent-Validity and Divergent-Validity are two types ofConstructive Validity
71. When different measures have only underlying common construct Convergent-Validity
72. When different measures are not tightly related to common construct Divergent-Validity
73. When one looks at the test, he thinks of the extent to which the test seems logically related to being tested or when a test is valid by definition. Face validity
74. Test is valid if difference on dependent variable is direct result of independent variable not due to other variable Internal Validity
75. Test is valid if results generalized to the population outside the sample External Validity
76. When similar tests are applied repeatedly and produce same results. Test-Retest Reliability
77. Systematic error is related to validity
78. Test-Retest Reliability has two typesInter-Rater, Intra-Rater
79. Similar test given to different students at same time Inter-Rater
80. Similar test given to same students at different time Intra-Rater
81. Used to assess the consistency of the results of two tests constructed in the same way from the same content domain. Parallel-Forms Reliability
82. Test is distributed into two halves; results of both halves are correlated & compared in Split-Half Reliability
83. Following methods are used for Split-Half Reliability Spear-brown prophecy formula , Cronbach –alpha both
84. Spear-brown prophecy formula (r=2r /1+r)r= correlation between two halves
85. Cronbach –alpha:test is divided into two halves again & again with different sequence & their correlation is determines. Value >0.7 is good if it is >0.9 it would be
86. Used to assess the consistency of results of the items within a test. Kudar-Richardsonmethod or split test method  is used for this reliability Internal Consistency Reliability
87. Qualitativeresearchers are sometimes criticized as: Story tellers not researchers
88. Qualitativeresearchers deal more with: Words rather than figures
89. Criticalcase samples are mostly used in: Qualitative research
90. It focus on number/quantity, its results are more accurate, precise & generalizable, results are described in numerical formQuantitative research
91. It is Objective, deductive, confirmatory and test hypothesisQuantitative research
92. It focus on text quality, results are less accurate/generalizable, Qualitativeresearch
93. It is Subjective, Inductive, exploratory Qualitativeresearch
94. When children become active members of their peer group? In Adolescence
95. Students ask questions from each other during presentations.Peer Questioning
96. Concept of Peer teaching was introduced by Dwight W Allen.
97. In peer teaching who teaches the class
98. People of same age and status are Peers.
99. Learningfrom fellows is the characteristics of Peer teaching
100. 100. When instruction is delivered by a person close in age or achievement to the person        receiving instruction, the process is known as Peer Tutoring