Educational Software & Evaluation Phases
What does SPSS stand for, and what is it used for?
Answer: Statistical Package for Social Sciences – most widely used software for quantitative research
What is NVivo, and what type of research uses it?
Answer: A widely used qualitative data analysis (QDA) software
How many phases are there in evaluation?
Answer: 3 phases
What does the Planning Phase in evaluation involve?
Answer: It relates to setting objectives and selecting tests
What happens during the Process Phase?
Answer: Evaluation is conducted in this phase
What does the Product Phase include?
Answer: Test analysis, scoring, and interpretation of results
Types and Approaches to Assessment
What are the three main approaches to assessment?
Answer: Assessment for learning, assessment as learning, assessment of learning
Which assessment is done before or during lessons to improve teaching, monitor learning, and provide feedback?
Answer: Assessment for Learning
What types of assessments fall under Assessment for Learning?
Answer: Placement, formative, and diagnostic assessments
What type of assessment involves students or peers evaluating their own work to monitor progress and give feedback?
Answer: Assessment as Learning
Example: Ipsative assessments, self-assessments, peer assessments
What kind of assessment takes place after instruction to measure performance or achievement?
Answer: Assessment of Learning
Example: Exams, portfolios, NRT, CRT
Purpose-Based Assessments
What is the main purpose of classroom testing?
Answer: To improve instruction
What is the main purpose of educational assessment?
Answer: To find students’ achievements
What type of assessment is used to place students into a course or program?
Answer: Placement Assessments
Which standardized tests are examples of placement assessments?
Answer: GAT, MCAT, ECAT, CSS, PMS
What test measures prior knowledge and links it to new learning?
Answer: Readiness Test
What is a test conducted before instruction to assess prior knowledge or preparation?
Answer: Pre-Test
What are other names for a Pre-Test?
Answer: Pre-assessment and baseline assessment
What does an Ipsative Assessment measure?
Answer: A student’s performance against their own previous performance
What does CATs stand for in assessment?
Answer: Classroom Assessment Techniques
🧪 Classroom Assessment Techniques (CATs)
How do CATs help teachers?
Answer: They help teachers find out what students are learning and how well, to provide feedback and improve instruction
What did Tanner and Allen (2004) describe about classroom assessment?
Answer: The iterative nature of classroom assessment as a cycle
What are the four components of the classroom assessment cycle?
Answer: Asking questions, collecting assessment data, analyzing student understanding, making instructional choices
What is a Minute Paper?
Answer: A short response where students identify the most significant things learned from a lecture, discussion, or assignment
What is a Muddiest Point activity?
Answer: Similar to the Minute Paper, but students identify the most confusing point in the session
What are Problem Recognition Tasks?
Answer: Tasks where students name which methods best fit specific problems, without solving them
What are Documented Problem Solutions?
Answer: Students write down all steps to solve a problem, explaining each step
What is a Concept Map used for in assessment?
Answer: To analyze and synthesize ideas from readings or discussions
What is an Application Card activity?
Answer: Students write one possible real-world application of a principle, theory, or procedure
🗂️ Portfolio Assessments
What is a portfolio in assessment?
Answer: An authentic form of assessment from students’ work
What domains does a portfolio measure?
Answer: Cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains
What is a Process or Working Portfolio?
Answer: A collection of students’ day-to-day work
What is a Showcase Portfolio?
Answer: A collection of a student’s best work for assessment
Assessment Types: Formal, Informal, Verbal, Non-Verbal
What is a Formal Assessment?
Answer: Systematic, pre-planned, data-based tests measuring what and how well students have learned
What is an Informal Assessment?
Answer: Spontaneous assessments used in daily classroom activities to measure performance and progress
What is required in a Verbal Assessment?
Answer: Use of language to solve problems, read, or write
What is a Non-Verbal Assessment?
Answer: Problem-solving using pictures and diagrams, usually for illiterates
How many types of tests are there based on structure?
Answer: Two – by method and by type
What are the two types of tests by method?
Answer: Subjective and Objective
Into what two categories are Subjective tests divided?
Answer: Extended response and restricted response
🧠Objective vs. Subjective Tests
What are the two subtypes of Objective tests?
Answer: Supply type and Selection type
What are the two subtypes of Supply-type tests?
Answer: Fill in the blanks and Short Answer Questions (SAQs)
What types of questions fall under Selection-type tests?
Answer: MCQs, True-False, Column matching, Drag & Drop questions (All)
What are the two types of tests based on purpose?
Answer: Standardized and Non-standardized
What kind of assessment requires students to give more than one correct answer or use multiple methods to reach a single answer?
Answer: Subjective Assessment
What are key characteristics of Subjective Assessment?
Answer: Divergent, difficult to score, examiner bias possible
What kind of learning outcomes do Subjective Assessments measure?
Answer: Complex learning outcomes
✍️ Essay-Type Questions: Extended vs. Restricted
What type of test allows students to present their ideas in a coherent and logical way?
Answer: Extended Response Question
What are students required to do in Supply-type tests?
Answer: Provide their own responses
What are students required to do in Selection-type tests?
Answer: Choose answers from given options
What can students demonstrate in Extended Response type questions?
Answer: Ability to recall factual knowledge, evaluate, and organize ideas (All)
Which essay question type provides more flexibility to students?
Answer: Extended Response Question
What skill is assessed through Extended Response questions?
Answer: Ability to respond to complex situations
What kind of question limits students in form and scope of their answers?
Answer: Restricted Response
In which type of essay question is content limited?
Answer: Restricted Response Question
What does an Extended Response question allow students to demonstrate?
Answer: Ability to select, organize, integrate, and evaluate ideas
How are Essay-type items classified?
Answer: Extended Response and Restricted Response Questions
What does frequency refer to in assessment terms?
Answer: Number of occurrences of something
What is emphasized in Extended Response items?
Answer: Integration and application of high-level skills
What kind of topics are assessed using Restricted Response Tests?
Answer: Topics with limited scope
🧾 Question Types & Test Formats
What are the two types of essay-type questions?
Answer: Restricted Response and Extended Response Question
What kind of test item asks students to select the correct or best answer?
Answer: Objective Type Questions
What are the main characteristics of objective-type questions?
Answer: Reliability, adequacy, and objectivity
What kind of questions are included in objective tests?
Answer: A large number of items
What are other names for Extended Response questions?
Answer: Open-ended or Constructive Questions
What are other names for Restricted Response questions?
Answer: Close-ended Questions
What are Restricted Response questions like?
Answer: Contents are limited/specific, subjective but not essay-type
What kind of assessment requires students to choose one correct answer from given options?
Answer: Objective Tests
What are features of Objective Tests?
Answer: Convergent, easy to score, no examiner bias, MCQs are most common, cannot measure complex learning outcomes
What is a Combine Test?
Answer: A test that includes both subjective and objective questions
Scoring, Passing Criteria, and Instruction Methods
What is the best way to reduce guessing in tests?
Answer: Supply Tests
What do we call questions that seek confirmation of something?
Answer: Tag-Questions
Which test items are easiest to score?
Answer: True/False (Right/Wrong, Correct/Incorrect), followed by MCQs
Which test items are the most difficult to score?
Answer: Essay-type Questions (Subjective Questions)
What are the passing marks in the annual system?
Answer: 33%
What are the passing marks for semester systems (Graduation & Master level)?
Answer: 40%
What are the passing marks for semester systems at the M.Phil. level?
Answer: 50%
What is another name for Individual Instruction Method?
Answer: Differentiated Instructions
What is the Group Differentiated Method equivalent to?
Answer: Whole Group Instruction Method
What strategy did Edward De Bono introduce to help students analyze the reasons behind actions, and what does AGO stand for?
Answer: AGO – Aims, Goals, Objectives
Instructional Objectives, Aims, and Educational Goals
What are the goals that are achievable in the classroom called?
Answer: Objectives
What is the nature of the aim-setting process?
Answer: It is long-term
What do you aim to achieve at the end of instruction?
Answer: Objectives
How do aims differ from objectives in scope?
Answer: Aims are broader; objectives are narrower
What are the intended outcomes of any program or activity called?
Answer: Objectives
What are aims typically aligned with?
Answer: National expectations
What kind of statement is “To promote science and technology”?
Answer: Aim
What level of expectation do goals represent?
Answer: Subject level
What kind of statement is “To impart computer education”?
Answer: Goal
What kind of expectations do goals represent in education?
Answer: Educational stage, institutional, or subject-level expectations
At what level are objectives expected to be achieved?
Answer: Classroom level
What type of statement is “To identify the parts of the computer”?
Answer: Objective
Cognitive Domain & Educational Planning
What does the command “State the first law of motion” indicate in Bloom’s Taxonomy?
Answer: Knowledge
What are the expected life outcomes from education called?
Answer: Aims of Education
What should institutional planning be based on?
Answer: Aims and Needs
What are expected instructional results that are observable and measurable called?
Answer: Objectives
What are objectives also referred to as?
Answer: Students Learning Outcomes (SLOs)
What are the two categories of objectives?
Answer: Instructional or Behavioral
What is another name for instructional objectives?
Answer: Educational Objectives
What question do instructional objectives answer?
Answer: What to assess
Bonus detail: These are content/teacher-centered